Nutrition, aging and cancer: lessons from dietary intervention studies

Giuseppe Carruba, Letizia Cocciadiferro, Antonietta Di Cristina, Orazia M Granata, Cecilia Dolcemascolo, Ildegarda Campisi, Maurizio Zarcone, Maria Cinquegrani, Adele Traina, Giuseppe Carruba, Letizia Cocciadiferro, Antonietta Di Cristina, Orazia M Granata, Cecilia Dolcemascolo, Ildegarda Campisi, Maurizio Zarcone, Maria Cinquegrani, Adele Traina

Abstract

There is convincing epidemiological and clinical evidence that, independent of aging, lifestyle and, notably, nutrition are associated with development or progression of major human cancers, including breast, prostate, colorectal tumors, and an increasingly large collection of diet-related cancers. Mechanisms underlying this association are mostly related to the distinct epigenetic effects of different dietary patterns. In this context, Mediterranean diet has been reported to significantly reduce mortality rates for various chronic illnesses, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Although many observational studies have supported this evidence, dietary intervention studies using a Mediterranean dietary pattern or its selected food components are still limited and affected by a rather large variability in characteristics of study subjects, type and length of intervention, selected end-points and statistical analysis. Here we review data of two of our intervention studies, the MeDiet study and the DiMeSa project, aimed at assessing the effects of traditional Mediterranean diet and/or its component(s) on a large panel of both plasma and urine biomarkers. Both published and unpublished results are presented and discussed.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Levels of total urinary estrogens in both control and intervention women at baseline and after 6 months in the MeDiet study. Average values ± SDs are represented
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Changes of estrogen concentrations in intervention women after 6 months in the MeDiet study. Data represent % of control, as compared with baseline values, ±SDs of estradiol (E2), 2hydroxy-estradiol (2OHE2), 17epi-estriol (17epiE3) and 16keto-estradiol (16ketoE2)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Extent of 16α and 16β hydroxylation in control (a) and intervention (b) women of the MeDiet study. Data represent average ± SD percent values of individual reaction at both baseline and after 6 months
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Flow chart of a randomized clinical trial in the DiMeSa project to assess the effects of extravirgin olive oil on selected parameters in both healthy postmenopausal women and breast cancer patients. For explanation see text
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
A schematic diagram representing the impact of nutrition, lifestyle and environment on health and diseases throughout life cycle. In particular, the potential effects during pre- and peri-natal life, adulthood and aging are depicted (see text). NCD, noncommunicable diseases; NDD, neurodegenerative diseases

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Source: PubMed

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