Wearable functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): expanding vistas for neurocognitive augmentation

Ryan McKendrick, Raja Parasuraman, Hasan Ayaz, Ryan McKendrick, Raja Parasuraman, Hasan Ayaz

Abstract

Contemporary studies with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) provide a growing base of evidence for enhancing cognition through the non-invasive delivery of weak electric currents to the brain. The main effect of tDCS is to modulate cortical excitability depending on the polarity of the applied current. However, the underlying mechanism of neuromodulation is not well understood. A new generation of functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) systems is described that are miniaturized, portable, and include wearable sensors. These developments provide an opportunity to couple fNIRS with tDCS, consistent with a neuroergonomics approach for joint neuroimaging and neurostimulation investigations of cognition in complex tasks and in naturalistic conditions. The effects of tDCS on complex task performance and the use of fNIRS for monitoring cognitive workload during task performance are described. Also explained is how fNIRS + tDCS can be used simultaneously for assessing spatial working memory. Mobile optical brain imaging is a promising neuroimaging tool that has the potential to complement tDCS for realistic applications in natural settings.

Keywords: DLPFC; HDtDCS; fNIRS; neuroergonomics; spatial working memory.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Current flow model of tDCS montage (F10 anode, F2 cathode), field intensity of 0.44 V/m represented at white ring in coronal, sagittal and transverse views. Arrows represent direction of current flow.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Regions in which effects represent a correlation between increased activity and increased task performance. Legend represents the presence and direction of the effect, not p or t values.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Regions in which effects represent a decrease in activity during stimulation trials relative to the sham trials. Legend represents the presence and direction of the effect, not p or t values.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Regions in which effects represent a correlation between activity and increases in performance in stimulation trials relative to the sham trials. Legend represents the presence and direction of the effect, not p or t values.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Wireless fNIRS System. (left) Battery operated and wireless unit allows untethered outdoor measurement (right, up). Block diagram of the overall system (right, bottom), Building blocks and circuit representation (Ayaz et al., 2013).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Miniaturized and scalable fNIRS sensor pad with 2 optodes can be integrated with electrodes. (left) prototype sensor pad circuit board and covered with foam enclosure. A U.S. quarter is included for size. (right) The 2 optodes sensor pad parts.

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Source: PubMed

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