Differential Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Depending on Previous Musical Training

Ana Sánchez-Kuhn, Cristian Pérez-Fernández, Margarita Moreno, Pilar Flores, Fernando Sánchez-Santed, Ana Sánchez-Kuhn, Cristian Pérez-Fernández, Margarita Moreno, Pilar Flores, Fernando Sánchez-Santed

Abstract

Previous studies have shown that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) facilitates motor performance, but individual differences such as baseline performance seem to influence this effect. Accordingly, musicians offer an inter-individual differences model due to anatomical and functional variances displayed among the motor cortex regions. The aim of the present work was to study if the baseline motor skill predicts whether tDCS can enhance motor learning. For that objective, we administered anodal (n = 20) or sham (n = 20) tDCS on the right primary motor cortex region of 40 right-handed healthy participants, who were divided into four groups: musicians (tDCS/sham) and non-musicians (tDCS/sham). We measured the skill index (SI) presented in the sequential finger-tapping task (SEQTAP) at baseline, during three 20 min/2 mA stimulation sessions, and in follow-up tests after 20 min and 8 days. Depending on the normality of the data distribution, statistical differences were estimated by ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test or Kruskal-Wallis and U Mann-Whitney. Results showed that musicians scored higher in baseline performance than non-musicians. The non-musicians who received tDCS scored higher than the sham group in the first and second stimulation session. This effect was extended to the 20 min and 8 days follow-up test. In musicians, there was no effect of tDCS. The present method seems to be suitable for the achievement of positive and consolidated tDCS effects on motor learning in inexperienced participants, but not in musicians. These data may have an implication for the rehabilitation of motor impairments, contributing to more individualized stimulation protocols.

Keywords: individual differences; motor cortex; musicians; sequential finger tapping task; transcranial direct current stimulation.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Experimental procedure.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
(A) Shows the mean ± SEM SI scores obtained by each of the four groups across the baseline test and the three sessions of tDCS/sham (S1, Session 1; S2, Session 2; S3, Session 3 (∗p ≤ 0.05). (B) Shows the mean ± SEM SI scores obtained by each of the four groups across in the 20-min follow-up test (∗p ≤ 0.05). (C) Shows the mean ± SEM SI scores obtained by each of the four groups in the 8th day follow-up test (∗p ≤ 0.05).

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