Chinese Consensus Report on Family-Based Helicobacter pylori Infection Control and Management (2021 Edition)

Song-Ze Ding, Yi-Qi Du, Hong Lu, Wei-Hong Wang, Hong Cheng, Shi-Yao Chen, Min-Hu Chen, Wei-Chang Chen, Ye Chen, Jing-Yuan Fang, Heng-Jun Gao, Ming-Zhou Guo, Ying Han, Xiao-Hua Hou, Fu-Lian Hu, Bo Jiang, Hai-Xing Jiang, Chun-Hui Lan, Jing-Nan Li, Yan Li, Yan-Qing Li, Jie Liu, You-Ming Li, Bin Lyu, You-Yong Lu, Ying-Lei Miao, Yong-Zhan Nie, Jia-Ming Qian, Jian-Qiu Sheng, Cheng-Wei Tang, Fen Wang, Hua-Hong Wang, Jiang-Bin Wang, Jing-Tong Wang, Jun-Ping Wang, Xue-Hong Wang, Kai-Chun Wu, Xing-Zhou Xia, Wei-Fen Xie, Yong Xie, Jian-Ming Xu, Chang-Qing Yang, Gui-Bin Yang, Yuan Yuan, Zhi-Rong Zeng, Bing-Yong Zhang, Gui-Ying Zhang, Guo-Xin Zhang, Jian-Zhong Zhang, Zhen-Yu Zhang, Peng-Yuan Zheng, Yin Zhu, Xiu-Li Zuo, Li-Ya Zhou, Nong-Hua Lyu, Yun-Sheng Yang, Zhao-Shen Li, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases (Shanghai), Gastrointestinal Early Cancer Prevention & Treatment Alliance of China (GECA), Helicobacter pylori Study Group of Chinese Society of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Alliance for Helicobacter pylori Study, Song-Ze Ding, Yi-Qi Du, Hong Lu, Wei-Hong Wang, Hong Cheng, Shi-Yao Chen, Min-Hu Chen, Wei-Chang Chen, Ye Chen, Jing-Yuan Fang, Heng-Jun Gao, Ming-Zhou Guo, Ying Han, Xiao-Hua Hou, Fu-Lian Hu, Bo Jiang, Hai-Xing Jiang, Chun-Hui Lan, Jing-Nan Li, Yan Li, Yan-Qing Li, Jie Liu, You-Ming Li, Bin Lyu, You-Yong Lu, Ying-Lei Miao, Yong-Zhan Nie, Jia-Ming Qian, Jian-Qiu Sheng, Cheng-Wei Tang, Fen Wang, Hua-Hong Wang, Jiang-Bin Wang, Jing-Tong Wang, Jun-Ping Wang, Xue-Hong Wang, Kai-Chun Wu, Xing-Zhou Xia, Wei-Fen Xie, Yong Xie, Jian-Ming Xu, Chang-Qing Yang, Gui-Bin Yang, Yuan Yuan, Zhi-Rong Zeng, Bing-Yong Zhang, Gui-Ying Zhang, Guo-Xin Zhang, Jian-Zhong Zhang, Zhen-Yu Zhang, Peng-Yuan Zheng, Yin Zhu, Xiu-Li Zuo, Li-Ya Zhou, Nong-Hua Lyu, Yun-Sheng Yang, Zhao-Shen Li, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases (Shanghai), Gastrointestinal Early Cancer Prevention & Treatment Alliance of China (GECA), Helicobacter pylori Study Group of Chinese Society of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Alliance for Helicobacter pylori Study

Abstract

Objective: Helicobacter pylori infection is mostly a family-based infectious disease. To facilitate its prevention and management, a national consensus meeting was held to review current evidence and propose strategies for population-wide and family-based H. pylori infection control and management to reduce the related disease burden.

Methods: Fifty-seven experts from 41 major universities and institutions in 20 provinces/regions of mainland China were invited to review evidence and modify statements using Delphi process and grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation system. The consensus level was defined as ≥80% for agreement on the proposed statements.

Results: Experts discussed and modified the original 23 statements on family-based H. pylori infection transmission, control and management, and reached consensus on 16 statements. The final report consists of three parts: (1) H. pylori infection and transmission among family members, (2) prevention and management of H. pylori infection in children and elderly people within households, and (3) strategies for prevention and management of H. pylori infection for family members. In addition to the 'test-and-treat' and 'screen-and-treat' strategies, this consensus also introduced a novel third 'family-based H. pylori infection control and management' strategy to prevent its intrafamilial transmission and development of related diseases.

Conclusion: H. pylori is transmissible from person to person, and among family members. A family-based H. pylori prevention and eradication strategy would be a suitable approach to prevent its intra-familial transmission and related diseases. The notion and practice would be beneficial not only for Chinese residents but also valuable as a reference for other highly infected areas.

Keywords: 13C-urea breath test; gastric cancer; helicobacter pylori; helicobacter pylori - gastritis; mucosal infection.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart of family-based Helicobacter pylori infection control and management. In clinical settings, visiting patients are questioned for symptoms and signs, and Helicobacter pylori infection status is screened by urease breath tests, serological tests or stool antigen tests. If the patient is H. pylori-positive, their family members are recommended to test for H. pylori using one or more of these methods. Family members usually include parents, spouses, children and others living in the same household. The infected patients and family members are advised to treat the infection based on individual condition and follow-up in 4 weeks. If patients or their family members are H. pylori-negative, routine follow-up and no treatment are required. For patients with endoscopy-confirmed gastric precancerous lesions such as atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and intraepithelial neoplasia, H. pylori infection status should be tested, and if it is positive, eradication therapy should be offered and regular endoscopy surveillance should be performed regardless of H. pylori infection status. Dashed line with arrow indicates interaction and close relationship.

References

    1. Liu W-Z, Xie Y, Lu H, et al. . Fifth Chinese national consensus report on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2018;23:e12475. 10.1111/hel.12475
    1. Du Y, Zhu H, Liu J, et al. . Consensus on eradication of Helicobacter pylori and prevention and control of gastric cancer in China (2019, Shanghai). J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;35:624–9. 10.1111/jgh.14947
    1. Hu Y, Zhu Y, Lu N-H. Recent progress in Helicobacter pylori treatment. Chin Med J 2020;133:335–43. 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000618
    1. Chen Q, Liang X, Long X, et al. . Cost-effectiveness analysis of screen-and-treat strategy in asymptomatic Chinese for preventing Helicobacter pylori-associated diseases. Helicobacter 2019;24:e12563. 10.1111/hel.12563
    1. Santos MLC, de Brito BB, da Silva FAF, et al. . Helicobacter pylori infection: Beyond gastric manifestations. World J Gastroenterol 2020;26:4076–93. 10.3748/wjg.v26.i28.4076
    1. Li M, Sun Y, Yang J, et al. . Time trends and other sources of variation in Helicobacter pylori infection in mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter 2020;25:e12729. 10.1111/hel.12729
    1. Zhang T, Chen H, Yin X, et al. . Changing trends of disease burden of gastric cancer in China from 1990 to 2019 and its predictions: findings from global burden of disease study. Chin J Cancer Res 2021;33:11–26. 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2021.01.02
    1. Wang T, Sun D, Zhang Q, et al. . China's drinking water sanitation from 2007 to 2018: a systematic review. Sci Total Environ 2021;757:143923. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143923
    1. National Bureau of Statistics of China . China statistical Yearbook 2020. China Statistical Press, 2020.
    1. Fang J-Y, YQ D, Liu W-Z, et al. . Consensus on chronic gastritis in China (2017, Shanghai). Chin J Dig 2017;37:721–38.
    1. Hu F-L, Zhang S-S. National integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine management of Helicobacter pylori-related diseases. Chin J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;27:1008–16.
    1. Sugano K, Tack J, Kuipers EJ, et al. . Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Gut 2015;64:1353–67. 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309252
    1. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain CA, et al. . Management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report. Gut 2017;66:6–30. 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312288
    1. Mahachai V, Vilaichone R-K, Pittayanon R, et al. . Helicobacter pylori management in ASEAN: The Bangkok consensus report. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;33:37–56. 10.1111/jgh.13911
    1. Fallone CA, Chiba N, van Zanten SV, et al. . The Toronto consensus for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in adults. Gastroenterology 2016;151:51–69. 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.04.006
    1. Kato M, Ota H, Okuda M, et al. . Guidelines for the management of Helicobacter pylori infection in Japan: 2016 revised edition. Helicobacter 2019;24:e12597. 10.1111/hel.12597
    1. Liou J-M, Malfertheiner P, Lee Y-C, et al. . Screening and eradication of Helicobacter pylori for gastric cancer prevention: the Taipei global consensus. Gut 2020;69:2093–112. 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322368
    1. El-Serag HB, Kao JY, Kanwal F, et al. . Houston consensus conference on testing for Helicobacter pylori infection in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;16:992–1002. 10.1016/j.cgh.2018.03.013
    1. Sari Y-S, Can D, Tunali V, et al. . H pylori: treatment for the patient only or the whole family? World J Gastroenterol 2008;14:1244–7. 10.3748/wjg.14.1244
    1. Ding S-Z. Focusing on whole family based-Helicobacter pylori infection management and clinical research to prevent gastric mucosal diseases and gastric cancer. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2019;99:1446–8. 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2019.19.003
    1. Ding S-Z. Global whole family based-Helicobacter pylori eradication strategy to prevent its related diseases and gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2020;26:995–1004. 10.3748/wjg.v26.i10.995
    1. Malfertheiner P. Helicobacter pylori treatment for gastric cancer prevention. N Engl J Med 2018;378:1154–6. 10.1056/NEJMe1800147
    1. Li W-Q, Ma J-L, Zhang L, et al. . Effects of Helicobacter pylori treatment on gastric cancer incidence and mortality in subgroups. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014;106:dju116. 10.1093/jnci/dju116
    1. Wong BC-Y, Lam SK, Wong WM, et al. . Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer in a high-risk region of China: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:187–94. 10.1001/jama.291.2.187
    1. Lee Y-C, Chen TH-H, Chiu H-M, et al. . The benefit of mass eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection: a community-based study of gastric cancer prevention. Gut 2013;62:676–82. 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302240
    1. Chiang T-H, Chang W-J, Chen SL-S, et al. . Mass eradication of Helicobacter pylori to reduce gastric cancer incidence and mortality: a long-term cohort study on Matsu Islands. Gut 2021;70:243–50. 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322200
    1. Hooi JKY, Lai WY, Ng WK, et al. . Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori Infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2017;153:420–9. 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.022
    1. Ma J-L, Zhang L, Brown LM, et al. . Fifteen-year effects of Helicobacter pylori, garlic, and vitamin treatments on gastric cancer incidence and mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012;104:488–92. 10.1093/jnci/djs003
    1. Robinson KA, Saldanha IJ, McKoy NA. Development of a framework to identify research gaps from systematic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol 2011;64:1325–30. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.06.009
    1. Qaseem A, Snow V, Owens DK, et al. . Clinical guidelines Committee of the American College of physicians. the development of clinical practice guidelines and guidance statements of the American College of physicians: summary of methods. Ann Intern Med 2010;153:194–9.
    1. National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases (Shanghai), Gastrointestinal Early Cancer Prevention & Treatment Alliance of China, Helicobacter pylori Study Group of Chinese Society of Gastroenterology, Chinese Alliance for Helicobacter pylori Study . The Chinese consensus report on family based-Helicobacter pylori infection control and management (2021). Chin J Dig 2021;41:221–33.
    1. National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases (Shanghai), Gastrointestinal Early Cancer Prevention & Treatment Alliance of China, Helicobacter pylori Study Group of Chinese Society of Gastroenterology, Chinese Alliance for Helicobacter pylori Study . The Chinese consensus report on family based-Helicobacter pylori infection control and management (2021, popular science edition). Health World 2021;28:10–18.
    1. Drumm B, Perez-Perez GI, Blaser MJ, et al. . Intrafamilial clustering of Helicobacter pylori infection. N Engl J Med 1990;322:359–63. 10.1056/NEJM199002083220603
    1. Georgopoulos SD, Mentis AF, Spiliadis CA, et al. . Helicobacter pylori infection in spouses of patients with duodenal ulcers and comparison of ribosomal RNA gene patterns. Gut 1996;39:634–8. 10.1136/gut.39.5.634
    1. Rothenbacher D, Winkler M, Gonser T, et al. . Role of infected parents in transmission of Helicobacter pylori to their children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002;21:674–9. 10.1097/00006454-200207000-00014
    1. Perry S, de la Luz Sanchez M, Yang S, et al. . Gastroenteritis and transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection in households. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12:1701–8. 10.3201/eid1211.060086
    1. Garg PK, Perry S, Sanchez L, et al. . Concordance of Helicobacter pylori infection among children in extended-family homes. Epidemiol Infect 2006;134:450–9. 10.1017/S0950268805005352
    1. Nahar S, Kibria KMK, Hossain ME, et al. . Evidence of intra-familial transmission of Helicobacter pylori by PCR-based RAPD fingerprinting in Bangladesh. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009;28:767–73. 10.1007/s10096-008-0699-8
    1. Osaki T, Konno M, Yonezawa H, et al. . Analysis of intra-familial transmission of Helicobacter pylori in Japanese families. J Med Microbiol 2015;64:67–73. 10.1099/jmm.0.080507-0
    1. Kivi M, Johansson ALV, Reilly M, et al. . Helicobacter pylori status in family members as risk factors for infection in children. Epidemiol Infect 2005;133:645–52. 10.1017/s0950268805003900
    1. Blecker U, Lanciers S, Mehta DI, et al. . Familial clustering of Helicobacter pylori infection. Clin Pediatr 1994;33:307–8. 10.1177/000992289403300511
    1. Okuda M, Lin Y, Kikuchi S. Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents. Adv Exp Med Biol 2019;1149:107–20. 10.1007/5584_2019_361
    1. Correa P. A human model of gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 1988;48:3554–60.
    1. Thomas JE, Gibson GR, Darboe MK, et al. . Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from human faeces. Lancet 1992;340:1194–5. 10.1016/0140-6736(92)92894-l
    1. Parsonnet J, Shmuely H, Haggerty T. Fecal and oral shedding of Helicobacter pylori from healthy infected adults. JAMA 1999;282:2240–5. 10.1001/jama.282.23.2240
    1. Dore MP, Sepulveda AR, El-Zimaity H, et al. . Isolation of Helicobacter pylori from sheep-implications for transmission to humans. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:1396–401. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.03772.x
    1. Yee JKC. Helicobacter pylori colonization of the oral cavity: A milestone discovery. World J Gastroenterol 2016;22:641–8. 10.3748/wjg.v22.i2.641
    1. Kadota T, Hamada M, Nomura R, et al. . Distribution of Helicobacter pylori and Periodontopathic Bacterial Species in the Oral Cavity. Biomedicines 2020;8:161. 10.3390/biomedicines8060161
    1. Flores-Treviño CE, Urrutia-Baca VH, Gómez-Flores R, et al. . Molecular detection of Helicobacter pylori based on the presence of cagA and vacA virulence genes in dental plaque from patients with periodontitis. J Dent Sci 2019;14:163–70. 10.1016/j.jds.2019.01.010
    1. Tsami A, Petropoulou P, Kafritsa Y, et al. . The presence of Helicobacter pylori in dental plaque of children and their parents: is it related to their periodontal status and oral hygiene? Eur J Paediatr Dent 2011;12:225–30.
    1. Dimola S, Caruso ML. Helicobacter pylori in animals affecting the human habitat through the food chain. Anticancer Res 1999;19:3889–94.
    1. Ranjbar R, Chehelgerdi M. Genotyping and antibiotic resistance properties of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from human and animal gastric biopsies. Infect Drug Resist 2018;11:2545–54. 10.2147/IDR.S187885
    1. Quaglia NC, Dambrosio A. Helicobacter pylori: A foodborne pathogen? World J Gastroenterol 2018;24:3472–87. 10.3748/wjg.v24.i31.3472
    1. Moreno Y, Ferrús MA. Specific detection of cultivable Helicobacter pylori cells from wastewater treatment plants. Helicobacter 2012;17:327–32. 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2012.00961.x
    1. Holman CB, Bachoon DS, Otero E, et al. . Detection of Helicobacter pylori in the coastal waters of Georgia, Puerto Rico and Trinidad. Mar Pollut Bull 2014;79:354–8. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.11.021
    1. Abdel-Moein KA, Saeed H, Samir A. Novel detection of Helicobacter pylori in fish: A possible public health concern. Acta Trop 2015;152:141–4. 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.09.005
    1. Reavis C. Rural health alert: Helicobacter pylori in well water. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2005;17:283–9. 10.1111/j.1745-7599.2005.0047.x
    1. Santiago P, Moreno Y, Ferrús MA. Identification of viable Helicobacter pylori in drinking water supplies by cultural and molecular techniques. Helicobacter 2015;20:252–9. 10.1111/hel.12205
    1. Raymond J, Thiberg J-M, Chevalier C, et al. . Genetic and transmission analysis of Helicobacter pylori strains within a family. Emerg Infect Dis 2004;10:1816–21. 10.3201/eid1010.040042
    1. Kivi M, Tindberg Y, Sörberg M, et al. . Concordance of Helicobacter pylori strains within families. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41:5604–8. 10.1128/JCM.41.12.5604-5608.2003
    1. Bruce MG, Bruden DL, Morris JM, et al. . Reinfection after successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori in three different populations in Alaska. Epidemiol Infect 2015;143:1236–46. 10.1017/S0950268814001770
    1. Liu W, CD X, RP X, et al. . Relation of environment to the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Zhong Guo Shi Yong Er Ke Za Zhi 2006:19–21. Article in Chinese.
    1. Yu Y, Su L, Wang X, et al. . Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and pathological changes in the gastric mucosa in Chinese children. Intern Med 2014;53:83–8. 10.2169/internalmedicine.53.0918
    1. Ding Z, Zhao S, Gong S, et al. . Prevalence and risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in asymptomatic Chinese children: a prospective, cross-sectional, population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015;42:1019–26. 10.1111/apt.13364
    1. Zhang F, Pu K, Wu Z, et al. . Prevalence and associated risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection in the Wuwei cohort of north-western China. Trop Med Int Health 2021;26:290–300. 10.1111/tmi.13517
    1. El-Omar EM, Oien K, Murray LS, et al. . Increased prevalence of precancerous changes in relatives of gastric cancer patients: critical role of H. pylori. Gastroenterology 2000;118:22–30. 10.1016/s0016-5085(00)70410-0
    1. Rokkas T, Sechopoulos P, Pistiolas D, et al. . Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric histology in first-degree relatives of gastric cancer patients: a meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;22:1128–33. 10.1097/MEG.0b013e3283398d37
    1. Shin CM, Kim N, Yang HJ, et al. . Stomach cancer risk in gastric cancer relatives: interaction between Helicobacter pylori infection and family history of gastric cancer for the risk of stomach cancer. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010;44:e34–9. 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181a159c4
    1. Dimitrov G, Gottrand F. Does gastric atrophy exist in children? World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:6274–9. 10.3748/wjg.v12.i39.6274
    1. Kato S, Nakajima S, Nishino Y, et al. . Association between gastric atrophy and Helicobacter pylori infection in Japanese children: a retrospective multicenter study. Dig Dis Sci 2006;51:99–104. 10.1007/s10620-006-3091-5
    1. Kato S, Kikuchi S, Nakajima S. When does gastric atrophy develop in Japanese children? Helicobacter 2008;13:278–81. 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2008.00611.x
    1. Villarreal-Calderon R, Luévano-González A, Aragón-Flores M, et al. . Antral atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and preneoplastic markers in Mexican children with Helicobacter pylori-positive and Helicobacter pylori-negative gastritis. Ann Diagn Pathol 2014;18:129–35. 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2014.02.003
    1. Boukthir S, Mrad SM, Kalach N, et al. . Gastric atrophy and Helicobacter pylori infection in children. Trop Gastroenterol 2009;30:107–9.
    1. Hoepler W, Hammer K, Hammer J. Gastric phenotype in children with Helicobacter pylori infection undergoing upper endoscopy. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011;46:293–8. 10.3109/00365521.2010.533383
    1. Kalach N, Papadopoulos S, Asmar E, et al. . In French children, primary gastritis is more frequent than Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Dig Dis Sci 2009;54:1958–65. 10.1007/s10620-008-0553-y
    1. Carvalho MA, Machado NC, Ortolan EVP, et al. . Upper gastrointestinal histopathological findings in children and adolescents with nonulcer dyspepsia with Helicobacter pylori infection. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012;55:523–9. 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182618136
    1. Gastroenterology Group of Chinese Pediatric Association . Expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori infection in children. Chin J Pediatr 2015;53:496–8. Article in Chinese.
    1. Jones NL, Koletzko S, Goodman K. Joint ESPGHAN/NASPGHAN guidelines for the management of Helicobacter pylori in children and adolescents (update 2016). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nut 2017;64:991–1003.
    1. Kato S, Shimizu T, Toyoda S, et al. . The updated JSPGHAN guidelines for the management of Helicobacter pylori infection in childhood. Pediatr Int 2020;62:1315–31. 10.1111/ped.14388
    1. Choi IJ, Kook M-C, Kim Y-I, et al. . Helicobacter pylori therapy for the prevention of metachronous gastric cancer. N Engl J Med 2018;378:1085–95. 10.1056/NEJMoa1708423
    1. Nguyen CT, Davis KA, Nisly SA, et al. . Treatment of Helicobacter pylori in special patient populations. Pharmacotherapy 2019;39:1012–22. 10.1002/phar.2318
    1. Wang J-B. Benefit/risk assessment and issues related to antibiotic use of Helicobacter pylori eradication in elderly individuals. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2020;100:2343–5. 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20200524-01640
    1. Boyanova L, Gergova G, Markovska R, et al. . Primary Helicobacter pylori resistance in elderly patients over 20 years: A Bulgarian study. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2017;88:264–7. 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.05.001
    1. Ji Z, Han F, Meng F, et al. . The association of age and antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori: a study in Jiaxing City, Zhejiang Province, China. Medicine 2016;95:e2831. 10.1097/MD.0000000000002831
    1. Zhao J-B, Yuan L, Yu X-C, et al. . Whole family-based Helicobacter pylori eradication is a superior strategy to single-infected patient treatment approach: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter 2021;26:e12793. 10.1111/hel.12793
    1. Zhou G. Helicobacter pylori recurrence after eradication therapy in Jiangjin District, Chongqing, China. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2020;2020:7510872. 10.1155/2020/7510872
    1. Xue Y, Zhou L-Y, Lu H-P, et al. . Recurrence of Helicobacter pylori infection: incidence and influential factors. Chin Med J 2019;132:765–71. 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000146
    1. Hu Y, Wan J-H, Li X-Y, et al. . Systematic review with meta-analysis: the global recurrence rate of Helicobacter pylori. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017;46:773–9. 10.1111/apt.14319
    1. Kim MS, Kim N, Kim SE, et al. . Long-term follow-up Helicobacter pylori reinfection rate and its associated factors in Korea. Helicobacter 2013;18:135–42. 10.1111/hel.12018
    1. Ryu KH, Yi SY, Na YJ, et al. . Reinfection rate and endoscopic changes after successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol 2010;16:251–5. 10.3748/wjg.v16.i2.251
    1. Xie Y, Song C, Cheng H, et al. . Long-term follow-up of Helicobacter pylori reinfection and its risk factors after initial eradication: a large-scale multicentre, prospective open cohort, observational study. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020;9:548–57. 10.1080/22221751.2020.1737579
    1. Niv Y, Hazazi R. Helicobacter pylori recurrence in developed and developing countries: meta-analysis of 13C-urea breath test follow-up after eradication. Helicobacter 2008;13:56–61. 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2008.00571.x
    1. Jiang C-L, Cai Q-Z, Mao W-H, et al. . Role of comprehensive treatment in Helicobacter pylori eradication. Chin J Clin Gastroenterol 2014;26:203–5. Article in Chinese.
    1. Farrell S, Milliken I, Doherty GM, et al. . Total family unit Helicobacter pylori eradication and pediatric re-infection rates. Helicobacter 2004;9:285–8. 10.1111/j.1083-4389.2004.00240.x
    1. Knippig C, Arand F, Leodolter A, et al. . Prevalence of H. pylori-infection in family members of H. pylori positive and its influence on the reinfection rate after successful eradication therapy: a two-year follow-up. Z Gastroenterol 2002;40:383–7. 10.1055/s-2002-32128
    1. Gisbert JP, Arata IG, Boixeda D, et al. . Role of partner's infection in reinfection after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;14:865–71. 10.1097/00042737-200208000-00009
    1. Rugge M, Genta RM, Di Mario F, et al. . Gastric cancer as preventable disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017;15:1833–43. 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.05.023
    1. Amieva M, Peek RM. Pathobiology of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 2016;150:64–78. 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.09.004
    1. Leung WK, Ng EKW, Lam CCH, et al. . Helicobacter pylori infection in 1st degree relatives of Chinese gastric cancer patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006;41:274–9. 10.1080/00365520510024269
    1. Chooi EYH, Chen H-M, Miao Q, et al. . Chronic atrophic gastritis is a progressive disease: analysis of medical reports from Shanghai (1985-2009). Singapore Med J 2012;53:318–24.
    1. Hatakeyama M. Malignant Helicobacter pylori-associated diseases: gastric cancer and MALT lymphoma. Adv Exp Med Biol 2019;1149:135–49. 10.1007/5584_2019_363
    1. Miura M, Ohnishi N, Tanaka S, et al. . Differential oncogenic potential of geographically distinct Helicobacter pylori CagA isoforms in mice. Int J Cancer 2009;125:2497–504. 10.1002/ijc.24740
    1. Yuan L, Zhao J-B, Zhou Y-L, et al. . Type I and type II Helicobacter pylori infection status and their impact on gastrin and pepsinogen level in a gastric cancer prevalent area. World J Gastroenterol 2020;26:3673–85. 10.3748/wjg.v26.i25.3673
    1. Pan K-F, Formichella L, Zhang L, et al. . Helicobacter pylori antibody responses and evolution of precancerous gastric lesions in a Chinese population. Int J Cancer 2014;134:2118–25. 10.1002/ijc.28560
    1. Ding S-Z, Goldberg JB, Hatakeyama M. Helicobacter pylori infection, oncogenic pathways and epigenetic mechanisms in gastric carcinogenesis. Future Oncol 2010;6:851–62. 10.2217/fon.10.37
    1. Ansari S, Yamaoka Y. Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors Exploiting Gastric Colonization and its Pathogenicity. Toxins 2019;11:667. 10.3390/toxins11110677
    1. Franco AT, Johnston E, Krishna U, et al. . Regulation of gastric carcinogenesis by Helicobacter pylori virulence factors. Cancer Res 2008;68:379–87. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-0824
    1. Ohnishi N, Yuasa H, Tanaka S, et al. . Transgenic expression of Helicobacter pylori CagA induces gastrointestinal and hematopoietic neoplasms in mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:1003–8. 10.1073/pnas.0711183105
    1. Matos JI, de Sousa HAC, Marcos-Pinto R, et al. . Helicobacter pylori CagA and VacA genotypes and gastric phenotype: a meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;25:1431–41. 10.1097/MEG.0b013e328364b53e
    1. Fukase K, Kato M, Kikuchi S, et al. . Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on incidence of metachronous gastric carcinoma after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer: an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372:392–7. 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61159-9
    1. Liu W-Z. The safety of using bismuth compounds in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori. Chin J Dig 2017;37:877–8. Article in Chinese.
    1. Dore MP, Lu H, Graham DY. Role of bismuth in improving Helicobacter pylori eradication with triple therapy. Gut 2016;65:870–8. 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-311019
    1. Yang J-C, Lin C-J, Wang H-L, et al. . High-dose dual therapy is superior to standard first-line or rescue therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;13:895–905. 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.10.036
    1. Yang J, Zhang Y, Fan L, et al. . Correction: Eradication efficacy of modified dual therapy compared with bismuth-containing quadruple therapy as a first-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori. Am J Gastroenterol 2019;114:835. 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000230
    1. Pan K-F, Zhang L, Gerhard M, et al. . A large randomised controlled intervention trial to prevent gastric cancer by eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Linqu County, China: baseline results and factors affecting the eradication. Gut 2016;65:9–18. 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309197
    1. Yi D-M, Yang T-T, Chao S-H, et al. . Comparison the cost-efficacy of furazolidone-based versus clarithromycin-based quadruple therapy in initial treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in a variable clarithromycin drug-resistant region, a single-center, prospective, randomized, open-label study. Medicine 2019;98:e14408. 10.1097/MD.0000000000014408
    1. Cui R, Song Z, Suo B, et al. . Correlation analysis among genotype resistance, phenotype eesistance and eradication effect of Helicobacter pylori. Infect Drug Resist 2021;14:1747–56. 10.2147/IDR.S305996
    1. Luo L, Huang Y, Liang X, et al. . Susceptibility-guided therapy for Helicobacter pylori-infected penicillin-allergic patients: a prospective clinical trial of first-line and rescue therapies. Helicobacter 2020;25:e12699. 10.1111/hel.12699
    1. Liu D-S, Wang Y-H, Zhu Z-H, et al. . Characteristics of Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance: data from four different populations. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2019;8:192. 10.1186/s13756-019-0632-1
    1. Sapmaz F, Kalkan IH, Atasoy P, et al. . A non-inferiority study: modified dual therapy consisting higher doses of rabeprazole is as successful as standard quadruple therapy in eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Am J Ther 2017;24:e393–8. 10.1097/MJT.0000000000000316
    1. Yang X, Wang J-X, Han S-X, et al. . High dose dual therapy versus bismuth quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 2019;98:e14396. 10.1097/MD.0000000000014396
    1. Jung YS, Kim EH, Park CH. Systematic review with meta-analysis: the efficacy of vonoprazan-based triple therapy on Helicobacter pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017;46:106–14. 10.1111/apt.14130
    1. Kiyotoki S, Nishikawa J, Sakaida I. Efficacy of Vonoprazan for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Intern Med 2020;59:153–61. 10.2169/internalmedicine.2521-18
    1. Suzuki S, Gotoda T, Kusano C, et al. . Seven-day vonoprazan and low-dose amoxicillin dual therapy as first-line Helicobacter pylori treatment: a multicentre randomised trial in Japan. Gut 2020;69:1019–26. 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319954
    1. Rokkas T, Gisbert JP, Malfertheiner P, et al. . Comparative effectiveness of multiple different first-line treatment regimens for Helicobacter pylori infection: a network meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2021;161:495–507. 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.04.012
    1. Graham DY, Lu H, Dore MP. Relative potency of proton-pump inhibitors, Helicobacter pylori therapy cure rates, and meaning of double-dose PPI. Helicobacter 2019;24:e12554. 10.1111/hel.12554
    1. Zou Y, Qian X, Liu X, et al. . The effect of antibiotic resistance on Helicobacter pylori eradication efficacy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter 2020;25:e12714. 10.1111/hel.12714
    1. Camargo MC, García A, Riquelme A, et al. . The problem of Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics: a systematic review in Latin America. Am J Gastroenterol 2014;109:485–95. 10.1038/ajg.2014.24
    1. Graham DY. Transitioning of Helicobacter pylori therapy from trial and error to antimicrobial stewardship. Antibiotics 2020;9:671. 10.3390/antibiotics9100671
    1. Chen Q, Long X, Ji Y, et al. . Randomised controlled trial: susceptibility-guided therapy versus empiric bismuth quadruple therapy for first-line Helicobacter pylori treatment. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019;49:1385–94. 10.1111/apt.15273
    1. Best LM, Takwoingi Y, Siddique S, et al. . Non-Invasive diagnostic tests for Helicobacter pylori infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018;3:CD012080. 10.1002/14651858.CD012080.pub2
    1. Godbole G, Mégraud F, Bessède E. Review: Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2020;25 Suppl 1:e12735. 10.1111/hel.12735
    1. Gisbert JP, de la Morena F, Abraira V. Accuracy of monoclonal stool antigen test for the diagnosis of H. pylori infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:1921–30. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00668.x
    1. Logan RP. Urea breath tests in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 1998;43 Suppl 1:S47–50. 10.1136/gut.43.2008.S47
    1. Ferwana M, Abdulmajeed I, Alhajiahmed A, et al. . Accuracy of urea breath test in Helicobacter pylori infection: meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:1305–14. 10.3748/wjg.v21.i4.1305
    1. Zhou Q, Li L, Ai Y, et al. . Diagnostic accuracy of the 14C-urea breath test in Helicobacter pylori infections: a meta-analysis. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2017;129:38–45. 10.1007/s00508-016-1117-3
    1. Alzoubi H, Al-Mnayyis Asma'a, Al Rfoa I, et al. . The use of 13C-urea breath test for non-invasive diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in comparison to endoscopy and stool antigen test. Diagnostics 2020;10:448. 10.3390/diagnostics10070448
    1. Wong BC, Wong WM, Wang WH, et al. . An evaluation of invasive and non-invasive tests for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in Chinese. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001;15:505–11. 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.00947.x
    1. Wang Y-K, Kuo F-C, Liu C-J, et al. . Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection: current options and developments. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:11221–35. 10.3748/wjg.v21.i40.11221
    1. Atkinson NSS, Braden B. Helicobacter pylori Infection: Diagnostic strategies in primary diagnosis and after therapy. Dig Dis Sci 2016;61:19–24. 10.1007/s10620-015-3877-4
    1. Mégraud F, Lehours P. Helicobacter pylori detection and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007;20:280–322. 10.1128/CMR.00033-06
    1. Xia HH-X, Wong BCY, Wong WM, et al. . Optimal serological tests for the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in the Chinese population. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002;16:521–6. 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01176.x
    1. H-J Su, Ge Z-Z, Xiang Z-Q, et al. . Evalation of detecting methods of Helicoabter pylori infection histology, serology, 13C-urea breath test, and rapid urease test. Chin J Dig 1998;18:260–2. Article in Chinese.
    1. Leung WK, Ng EK, Chan FK, et al. . Evaluation of three commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori in Chinese patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1999;34:13–17. 10.1016/S0732-8893(99)00002-4
    1. Han F-C, Li X-J, Jiang H, et al. . Detection of H. pylori antibody profile in serum by protein array. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:4044–8. 10.3748/wjg.v12.i25.4044
    1. Li Y-H, Guo H, Zhang P-B, et al. . Clinical value of Helicobacter pylori stool antigen test, ImmunoCard STAT HpSA, for detecting H pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol 2004;10:913–4. 10.3748/wjg.v10.i6.913
    1. Wong BCY, Xia HHX, Cheung HKL, et al. . Evaluation of two stool antigen tests for the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in the Chinese population. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;18:26–31. 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2003.02926.x
    1. Hussein RA, Al-Ouqaili MTS, Majeed YH. Detection of Helicobacter pylori infection by invasive and non-invasive techniques in patients with gastrointestinal diseases from Iraq: a validation study. PLoS One 2021;16:e0256393. 10.1371/journal.pone.0256393
    1. McNicholl AG, Ducons J, Barrio J, et al. . Accuracy of the ultra-rapid urease test for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017;40:651–7. 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2017.07.007
    1. Aftab H, Yamaoka Y, Ahmed F, et al. . Validation of diagnostic tests and epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in Bangladesh. J Infect Dev Ctries 2018;12:305–12. 10.3855/jidc.9841
    1. Hartman DJ, Owens SR. Are routine ancillary stains required to diagnose Helicobacter infection in gastric biopsy specimens? An institutional quality assurance review. Am J Clin Pathol 2012;137:255–60. 10.1309/AJCPD8FFBJ5LSLTE
    1. Allahverdiyev AM, Bagirova M, Caliskan R, et al. . Isolation and diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori by a new method: microcapillary culture. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:2622–8. 10.3748/wjg.v21.i9.2622
    1. Luo M, Hao Y, Tang M, et al. . Application of a social media platform as a patient reminder in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2020;25:e12682. 10.1111/hel.12682
    1. Zheng H, Xie Q, Zhan M, et al. . Cost‑effectiveness analysis of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in first-degree relatives of patients with gastric cancer. Patient Prefer Adherence 2021;15:77–85. 10.2147/PPA.S286860
    1. Han Y, Yan T, Ma H, et al. . Cost-effectiveness analysis of Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy for prevention of gastric cancer: A Markov Model. Dig Dis Sci 2020;65:1679–88. 10.1007/s10620-019-05910-1
    1. Yeh JM, Kuntz KM, Ezzati M, et al. . Exploring the cost-effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori screening to prevent gastric cancer in China in anticipation of clinical trial results. Int J Cancer 2009;124:157–66. 10.1002/ijc.23864
    1. Zeng M, Mao X-H, Li J-X, et al. . Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of an oral recombinant Helicobacter pylori vaccine in children in China: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2015;386:1457–64. 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60310-5
    1. Stubljar D, Jukic T, Ihan A. How far are we from vaccination against Helicobacter pylori infection? Expert Rev Vaccines 2018;17:935–45. 10.1080/14760584.2018.1526680
    1. Malfertheiner P, Selgrad M, Wex T, et al. . Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of a parenteral vaccine against Helicobacter pylori in healthy volunteers challenged with a Cag-positive strain: a randomised, placebo-controlled phase 1/2 study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;3:698–707. 10.1016/S2468-1253(18)30125-0
    1. Ding S-Z, Zheng P-Y. Helicobacter pylori infection induced gastric cancer; advance in gastric stem cell research and the remaining challenges. Gut Pathog 2012;4:18. 10.1186/1757-4749-4-18
    1. Ramírez-Lázaro MJ, Lite J, Lario S, et al. . Good diagnostic accuracy of a chemiluminescent immunoassay in stool samples for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with dyspepsia. J Investig Med 2016;64:388–91. 10.1136/jim-2015-000004
    1. Miftahussurur M, Windia A, Syam AF, et al. . Diagnostic value of 14C-urea breath test for Helicobacter pylori detection compared by histopathology in indonesian dyspeptic patients. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2021;14:291–6. 10.2147/CEG.S306626

Source: PubMed

赞助者和合作者

医疗条件

药物干预

3
订阅