A model of mindful parenting: implications for parent-child relationships and prevention research

Larissa G Duncan, J Douglas Coatsworth, Mark T Greenberg, Larissa G Duncan, J Douglas Coatsworth, Mark T Greenberg

Abstract

This paper introduces a model of "mindful parenting" as a framework whereby parents intentionally bring moment-to-moment awareness to the parent-child relationship. This is done by developing the qualities of listening with full attention when interacting with their children, cultivating emotional awareness and self-regulation in parenting, and bringing compassion and nonjudgmental acceptance to their parenting interactions. First, we briefly outline the theoretical and empirical literature on mindfulness and mindfulness-based interventions. Next, we present an operational definition of mindful parenting as an extension of mindfulness to the social context of parent-child relationships. We discuss the implications of mindful parenting for the quality of parent-child relationships, particularly across the transition to adolescence, and we review the literature on the application of mindfulness in parenting interventions. We close with a synopsis of our own efforts to integrate mindfulness-based intervention techniques and mindful parenting into a well-established, evidence-based family prevention program and our recommendations for future research on mindful parenting interventions.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Mindful parenting, parent–child relationships, and youth outcomes

References

    1. None
    2. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '17972292', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17972292/'}]}
    2. Altmaier, E., & Maloney, R. (2007). An initial evaluation of a mindful parenting program. Journal of Clinical Psychology,63(12), 1231–1238. doi:10.1002/jclp.20395.
    1. None
    2. Anderson, N. D., Lau, M. A., Segal, Z., & Bishop, S. R. (2007). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and attentional control. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy,14, 449–463. doi:10.1002/cpp.544.
    1. None
    2. Baer, R. A. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,10, 125–143. doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpg015.
    1. None
    2. Baer, R. A. (2007). Mindfulness, assessment, and transdiagnostic processes. Psychological Inquiry,18(4), 238–242.
    1. None
    2. Baer, R. A., & Krietemeyer, J. (2006). Overview of mindfulness- and acceptance-based treatment approaches. In R. A. Baer (Ed.), Mindfulness-based treatment approaches (pp. 3–27). Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '15358875', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15358875/'}]}
    2. Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., & Allen, K. B. (2004). Assessment of mindfulness by self-report: The Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills. Assessment of Mindfulness,11, 191–206. doi:10.1177/1073191104268029.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '16443717', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16443717/'}]}
    2. Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment,13, 27–45. doi:10.1177/1073191105283504.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '18310597', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18310597/'}]}
    2. Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., Sauer, S., et al. (2008). Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment,15, 242–329. doi:10.1177/1073191107313003.
    1. Bardacke, N. (1998–2009). Mindfulness-based childbirth and parenting education curriculum manual. Oakland, CA: Mindful Birthing and Parenting Foundation.
    1. None
    2. Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (1999). The unbearable automaticity of being. The American Psychologist,54, 462–479. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.462.
    1. None
    2. Bargh, J. A., & Williams, L. E. (2007). The nonconscious regulation of emotion. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 429–445). New York: Guilford Press.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '17935531', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17935531/'}]}
    2. Barnes, S., Brown, K. W., Krusemark, E., Campbell, W. K., & Rogge, R. D. (2007). The role of mindfulness in romantic relationship satisfaction and responses to relationship stress. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy,33(4), 482–500. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2007.00033.x.
    1. None
    2. Baumrind, D. (1989). Rearing competent children. In W. Damon (Ed.), Child development today and tomorrow (pp. 349–378). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '11818588', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11818588/'}]}
    2. Bishop, S. R. (2002). What do we really know about Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction? Psychosomatic Medicine,64, 71–84.
    1. None
    2. Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., et al. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,11, 230–241. doi:10.1093/clipsy/bph077.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '16938074', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16938074/'}]}
    2. Bowen, S., Witkiewitz, K., Dillworth, T. M., Chawla, N., Simpson, T. L., Ostafin, B. D., et al. (2006). Mindfulness meditation and substance use in an incarcerated population. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors,20, 343–347. doi:10.1037/0893-164X.20.3.343.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PMC', 'value': 'PMC1989113', 'is_inner': False, 'url': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc1989113/'}, {'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '17300875', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17300875/'}]}
    2. Bowen, S., Witkiewitz, K., Dillworth, T. M., & Marlatt, G. A. (2007). The role of thought suppression in the relationship between mindfulness mediation and alcohol use. Addictive Behaviors,32, 2324–2328. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.01.025.
    1. None
    2. Brantley, J. (2005). Mindfulness-based stress reduction. In S. M. Orsillo & L. Roemer (Eds.), Acceptance and mindfulness-based approaches to anxiety: Conceptualization and treatment. Series in anxiety and related disorders (pp. 131–145). New York, NY: Springer.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '12703651', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12703651/'}]}
    2. Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,84, 822–848. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822.
    1. None
    2. Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Perils and promise in defining and measuring mindfulness: Observations from experience. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,11, 242–248. doi:10.1093/clipsy/bph078.
    1. None
    2. Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007a). Mindfulness: Theoretical foundations and evidence for its salutary effects. Psychological Inquiry,18(4), 211–237.
    1. None
    2. Brown, K. W., Ryan, R. M., & Creswell, J. D. (2007b). Addressing fundamental questions about mindfulness. Psychological Inquiry,18(4), 272–281.
    1. None
    2. Buchanan, C. M. (2003). Mother’s generalized beliefs about adolescents: Links to expectations for a specific child. The Journal of Early Adolescence,23, 29–50. doi:10.1177/0272431602239129.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '12883107', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12883107/'}]}
    2. Carlson, L. E., Speca, M., Patel, K. D., & Goodey, E. (2003). Mindfulness-based stress reduction in relation to quality of life, mood, symptoms of stress, and immune parameters in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Psychosomatic Medicine,65, 571–581. doi:10.1097/01.PSY.0000074003.35911.41.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '17899351', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17899351/'}]}
    2. Carmody, J., & Baer, R. A. (2008). Relationships between mindfulness practice and levels of mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms and well-being in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of Behavioral Medicine,31, 23–33. doi:10.1007/s10865-007-9130-7.
    1. None
    2. Carson, J. W., Carson, K. M., Gil, K. M., & Baucom, D. H. (2004). Mindfulness-based relationship enhancement. Behavior Therapy,35, 471–494. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(04)80028-5.
    1. None
    2. Carson, J. W., Carson, K. M., Gil, K. M., & Baucom, D. H. (2006). Mindfulness-based relationship enhancement in couples. In R. A. Baer (Ed.), Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: Clinician’s guide to evidence base and applications (pp. 309–331). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '17935533', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17935533/'}]}
    2. Carson, J. W., Carson, K. M., Gil, K. M., & Baucom, D. H. (2007). Self-expansion as a mediator of relationship improvements in a mindfulness intervention. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy,33, 517–528. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2007.00035.x.
    1. Chadwick, P., Hember, M., Mead, S., Lilley, B., & Dagnan, D. (2005). Responding to unpleasant thoughts and images: Reliability and validity of the Mindfulness Questionnaire. Manuscript under review (as cited in Baer et al., 2006).
    1. None
    2. Christensen, A., & Jacobson, N. S. (2000). Reconcilable differences. New York: Guilford Press.
    1. Coatsworth, J. D., Duncan, L. G., Greenberg, M. T., & Nix, R. L. (2009). Changing parents’ mindfulness, child management skills, and relationship quality with their youth: Results from a randomized pilot intervention trial. Manuscript under review.
    1. None
    2. Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (2003). Maternal self-efficacy beliefs, competence in parenting, and toddlers’ behaviour and developmental status. Infant Mental Health Journal,24, 126–148. doi:10.1002/imhj.10048.
    1. None
    2. Collins, W. A. (1995). Relationships and development: Family adaptation to individual change. In S. Shulman (Ed.), Close relationships and socioemotional development (pp. 128–154). New York: Ablex.
    1. None
    2. Collins, W. A., & Laursen, B. (2004). Changing relationships, changing youth: Interpersonal contexts of adolescent development. The Journal of Early Adolescence,24, 55–62. doi:10.1177/0272431603260882.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '10717969', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10717969/'}]}
    2. Collins, W. A., Maccoby, E., Steinberg, L., Hetherington, E. M., & Bornstein, M. (2000). Contemporary research on parenting: The case for nature and nurture. The American Psychologist,55, 218–232. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.2.218.
    1. None
    2. Conger, R. D., & Ge, X. (1999). Conflict and cohesion in parent–adolescent relations: Changes in emotional expression from early to midadolescence. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
    1. None
    2. Cowan, P. A., Powell, D., & Cowan, C. P. (1998). Parenting interventions: A family systems perspective. In W. Damon, I. E. Sigel, & K. A. Renninger (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (5th ed., Vol. 4, pp. 3–72). New York, NY: Wiley.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '17634566', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17634566/'}]}
    2. Creswell, J. D., Way, B. M., Eisenberger, N. I., & Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Neural correlates of dispositional mindfulness during affect labeling. Psychosomatic Medicine,69, 560–565. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3180f6171f.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '12883106', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12883106/'}]}
    2. Davidson, R. J., Kabat-Zinn, J., Schumacher, J., Rosenkranz, M., Muller, D., Santorelli, S. F., et al. (2003). Alterations in brain and immune function produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychosomatic Medicine,65(4), 564–570. doi:10.1097/01.PSY.0000077505.67574.E3.
    1. None
    2. Dawber, T., & Kuczynski, L. (1999). The question of ownness: Influence of relationship context on parental socialization strategies. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,16, 475–493. doi:10.1177/0265407599164004.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '17481461', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17481461/'}]}
    2. Dawe, S., & Harnett, P. (2007). Reducing potential for child abuse among methadone-maintained parents: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment,32, 381–390. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2006.10.003.
    1. None
    2. Dishion, T. J., Burraston, B., & Li, F. (2003). A multimethod and multitrait analysis of family management practices: Convergent and predictive validity. In B. Bukoski & Z. Amsel (Eds.), Handbook for drug abuse prevention theory, science, and practice. New York: Plenum.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '1891517', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1891517/'}]}
    2. Dix, T. (1991). The affective organization of parenting: Adaptive and maladaptive processes. Psychological Bulletin,110, 3–25. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.3.
    1. None
    2. Dix, T., & Branca, S. (2003). Parenting as a goal-regulation process. In L. Kuczynski (Ed.), Handbook of dynamics in parent–child relations (pp. 167–188). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '3757607', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3757607/'}]}
    2. Dix, T., Ruble, D. N., Grusec, J. E., & Nixon, S. (1986). Social cognition in parents: Inferential and affective reactions to children at three age levels. Child Development,57, 879–894. doi:10.2307/1130365.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '16232075', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16232075/'}]}
    2. Dumas, J. E. (2005). Mindfulness-based parent training: Strategies to lessen the grip of automaticity in families with disruptive children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology,34, 779–791. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3404_20.
    1. Duncan, L. G. (2007). Assessment of mindful parenting among parents of early adolescents: Development and validation of the Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting scale. Unpublished dissertation.
    1. Duncan, L. G., Coatsworth, J. D., & Greenberg, M. T. (2009). Pilot study to guage acceptability of a mindfulness-based, family-focused preventive intervention. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 30(5), in press.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PMC', 'value': 'PMC1513625', 'is_inner': False, 'url': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc1513625/'}, {'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '16865170', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16865170/'}]}
    2. Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental socialization of emotion. Psychological Inquiry,9, 241–273. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0904_1.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '9381234', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9381234/'}]}
    2. Folkman, S. (1997). Positive psychological states and coping with severe stress. Social Science & Medicine,45, 1207–1221. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00040-3.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '9449001', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9449001/'}]}
    2. Fonagy, P., & Target, M. (1997). Attachment and reflective function: Their role in self-organization. Development and Psychopathology,9, 679–700. doi:10.1017/S0954579497001399.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PMC', 'value': 'PMC3156028', 'is_inner': False, 'url': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc3156028/'}, {'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '18954193', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18954193/'}]}
    2. Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1045–1062.
    1. None
    2. Goldstein, J. (2002). One dharma: The emerging Western Buddhism. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco.
    1. None
    2. Goodnow, J. J. (1985). Change and variation in ideas about childhood and parenting. In I. E. Sigel (Ed.), Parental belief systems: The psychological consequences for children (pp. 235–270). Hilsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    1. None
    2. Gottman, J. M. (1993). A theory of marital dissolution and stability. Journal of Family Psychology,7, 57–75. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.7.1.57.
    1. None
    2. Gottman, J. M., Katz, L., & Hooven, C. (1997). Meta-emotion: how families communicate emotionally. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '9597357', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9597357/'}]}
    2. Hastings, P. D., & Grusec, J. E. (1998). Parenting goals as organizers of responses to parent–child disagreement. Developmental Psychology,34, 465–479. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.3.465.
    1. None
    2. Hayes, S. C. (2004). Acceptance and commitment therapy and the new behavior therapies: Mindfulness, acceptance, and relationship. In S. C. Hayes, V. M. Follette, & M. M. Linehan (Eds.), Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition (pp. 1–29). New York: The Guilford Press.
    1. None
    2. Hayes, A. M., & Feldman, G. (2004). Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,11, 255–262. doi:10.1093/clipsy/bph080.
    1. None
    2. Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy. New York: Guilford Press.
    1. None
    2. Heppner, W. L., & Kernis, M. H. (2007). “Quiet ego” functioning: The complementary roles of mindfulness, authenticity, and secure high self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry,18(4), 248–251.
    1. None
    2. Jacobs, J. E., Chhin, C. S., & Shaver, K. (2005). Longitudinal links between perceptions of adolescence and the social beliefs of adolescents: Are parents’ stereotypes related to beliefs held about and by their children? Journal of Youth and Adolescence,34, 61–72. doi:10.1007/s10964-005-3206-x.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '1460561', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1460561/'}]}
    2. Jacobs, J. E., & Eccles, J. S. (1992). The impact of mothers’ gender-role stereotypic beliefs on mothers’ and children’s ability perceptions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,63, 932–944. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.932.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '17672382', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17672382/'}]}
    2. Jha, A. P., Krompinger, J., & Baime, M. J. (2007). Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience,7(2), 109–119.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '7042457', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7042457/'}]}
    2. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982). An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General Hospital Psychiatry,4, 33–47. doi:10.1016/0163-8343(82)90026-3.
    1. None
    2. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom of your mind to face stress, pain and illness. New York: Dell Publishing.
    1. None
    2. Kabat-Zinn, J. (1994). Wherever you go there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life. New York: Hyperion.
    1. None
    2. Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,10, 144–156. doi:10.1093/clipsy/bpg016.
    1. None
    2. Kabat-Zinn, M., & Kabat-Zinn, J. (1997). Everyday blessings: The inner work of mindful parenting. New York: Hyperion.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '7644604', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7644604/'}]}
    2. Karney, B. R., & Bradbury, T. N. (1995). The longitudinal course of martial quality and stability. Psychological Bulletin,118, 3–34. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.118.1.3.
    1. None
    2. Katz, L. F., Wilson, B., & Gottman, J. M. (1999). Meta-emotion philosophy and family adjustment: Making an emotional correction. In M. J. Cox & J. Brooks-Gunn (Eds.), Conflict and cohesion in families: Causes and consequences. The Advances in Family Therapy Research Series (pp. 131–165). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    1. None
    2. Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2003). Parenting of adolescents: Action or reaction? In A. C. Crouter & A. Booth (Eds.), Children’s influence on family dynamics: The neglected side of family relationships (pp. 121–151). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '11699752', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11699752/'}]}
    2. Kim, K. J., Conger, R. D., Lorenz, F. O., & Elder, G. H., Jr. (2001). Parent–adolescent reciprocity in negative affect and its relation to early adult social development. Developmental Psychology,37, 775–790. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.37.6.775.
    1. None
    2. Kornfield, J. (1977). Living Buddhist masters. Santa Cruz: Unity Press.
    1. None
    2. Kuczynski, L., & Parkin, C. M. (2007). Agency and bidirectionality in socialization: Interactions, transactions, and relational dialects. In J. E. Grusec & P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 259–283). New York: Guilford Press.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '12971192', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12971192/'}]}
    2. Kumpfer, K. L., & Alvarado, R. (2003). Family-strengthening approaches for the prevention of youth problem behaviors. The American Psychologist,58, 457–465. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.58.6-7.457.
    1. None
    2. Larson, R. W., Richards, M. H., Moneta, G., Holmbeck, G., & Duckett, E. (1996). Changes in adolescents’ daily interactions with their families from ages 10 to 18: Disengagement and transformation. Developmental Psychology,32, 744–754. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.32.4.744.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PMC', 'value': 'PMC2730212', 'is_inner': False, 'url': 'http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc2730212/'}, {'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '9680687', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9680687/'}]}
    2. Laursen, B., Coy, K. C., & Collins, W. A. (1998). Reconsidering changes in parent–child conflict across adolescence: A meta-analysis. Child Development,69(3), 817–832.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '9434592', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9434592/'}]}
    2. Laursen, B., & Williams, V. A. (1997). Perceptions of interdependence and closeness in family and peer relationships among adolescents with and without romantic partners. In S. Shulman & W. Andrew Collins (Eds.), Romantic relationships in adolescence: Developmental perspectives; new directions for child development (pp. 3–20). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
    1. None
    2. Lazar, S. (2005). Mindfulness research. In C. K. Germer, R. D. Siegel, & P. R. Fulton (Eds.), Mindfulness and psychotherapy (pp. 220–238). New York: Guilford Press.
    1. None
    2. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.
    1. None
    2. Lazarus, R. S., & Lazarus, B. N. (1994). Passion & reason: Making sense of our emotions. New York: Oxford University Press.
    1. None
    2. Leary, M. R., & Tate, E. B. (2007). The multi-faceted nature of mindfulness. Psychological Inquiry,18(4), 251–255.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '16822109', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16822109/'}]}
    2. Leung, D. W., & Slep, A. M. S. (2006). Predicting inept discipline: The role of parental depressive symptoms, anger, and attributions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,74, 524–534. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.3.524.
    1. None
    2. Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.
    1. None
    2. Lollis, S., & Kuczynski, L. (1997). Beyond one hand clapping: Seeing bidirectionality in parent–child relations. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,14, 441–461. doi:10.1177/0265407597144002.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '14756612', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14756612/'}]}
    2. Ma, S. H., & Teasdale, J. D. (2004). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: Replication and exploration of different relapse prevention effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,72, 31–40. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.72.1.31.
    1. None
    2. Maccoby, E. E. (2003). Epilogue: Dynamic viewpoints on parent–child relations—Their implications for socialization research. In L. Kuczynski (Ed.), Handbook of dynamics in parent–child relations (pp. 439–452). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    1. None
    2. Maccoby, E. E. (2007). Historical overview of socialization research and theory. In J. Grusec & P. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of socialization (pp. 13–41). New York: Guilford Press.
    1. None
    2. Maccoby, E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent–child interaction. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1–101). New York: Wiley.
    1. Main, M., Cassidy, J., & Kaplan, N. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points in attachment theory and research. Monographs of the society for research in child development (Vol 50, 1–2, Serial no. 209, pp. 66–104). Chicago: Chicago University Press.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '12065033', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12065033/'}]}
    2. Marvin, R., Cooper, G., Hoffman, K., & Powell, B. (2000). The Circle of Security project: Attachment-based intervention with caregiver-preschool child dyads. Attachment & Human Development,4(1), 107–124. doi:10.1080/14616730252982491.
    1. None
    2. Molgaard, V., Kumpfer, K. L., & Fleming, E. (2001). The strengthening families program: For parents and youth 10–14; A video-based curriculum. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Extension.
    1. None
    2. Mroczek, D. K. (2004). Positive and negative affect at midlife. In O. G. Brim, C. D. Ryff, & R. C. Kessler (Eds.), How healthy are we? A national study of well-being at Midlife. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
    1. None
    2. Neff, K. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity,2, 223–250. doi:10.1080/15298860309027.
    1. None
    2. Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., & Dishion, T. J. (1992). A social interactional approach: Vol 4. Antisocial boys. Eugene, OR: Castalia.
    1. Placone-Willey, P. M. (2002). A curriculum for mindful parenting: A model development dissertation. Unpublished dissertation.
    1. None
    2. Rahula, W. (1959). What the Buddha taught. New York: Grove Press.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '10596519', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10596519/'}]}
    2. Redmond, C., Spoth, R. L., Shin, C., & Lepper, H. (1999). Modeling long-term parent outcomes of two universal family-focused preventive interventions: One year follow-up results. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,67, 975–984. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.67.6.975.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '17292696', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17292696/'}]}
    2. Roemer, L., & Orsillo, S. M. (2007). An open trial of an acceptance-based behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy,38, 72–85. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.04.004.
    1. None
    2. Salzberg, S. (1995). Loving-kindness: The revolutionary art of happiness. Boston, MA: Shambhala.
    1. None
    2. Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. New York: The Guilford Press.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '16385481', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16385481/'}]}
    2. Shapiro, S., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology,62(3), 373–386. doi:10.1002/jclp.20237.
    1. None
    2. Siegel, D. (2001). Toward an interpersonal neurobiology of the developing mind: Attachment relationships, “mindsight”, and neural integration. Infant Mental Health Journal,22(1–2), 67–94. doi:10.1002/1097-0355(200101/04)22:1<67::AID-IMHJ3>;2-G.
    1. None
    2. Siegel, D. J., & Hartzell, M. (2003). Parenting from the inside out: How a deeper self understanding can help you raise children who thrive. New York: Penguin.
    1. None
    2. Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Winton, A. S. W., Fisher, B. C., Wahler, R. G., McAleavey, K., et al. (2006). Mindful parenting decreases aggression, noncompliance, and self-injury in children with autism. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders,14(3), 169–177. doi:10.1177/10634266060140030401.
    1. None
    2. Skinner, B. F. (1974). About behaviorism. New York: Vintage.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '24277665', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24277665/'}]}
    2. Small, S. A., Eastman, G., & Cornelius, S. (1988). Adolescent autonomy and parental stress. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,17, 377–391. doi:10.1007/BF01537880.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '7956471', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7956471/'}]}
    2. Smetana, J., & Asquith, P. (1994). Adolescents’ and parents’ conceptions of parental authority and personal autonomy. Child Development,65, 1147–1162. doi:10.2307/1131311.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '16460534', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16460534/'}]}
    2. Smetana, J. G., Metzger, A., Gettman, D. C., & Campione-Barr, N. (2006). Disclosure and secrecy in adolescent-parent relationships. Child Development,77, 201–217. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00865.x.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '16953009', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16953009/'}]}
    2. Spoth, R. L., Clair, S., Shin, C., & Redmond, C. (2006). Long-term effects of universal preventive interventions on methamphetamine use among adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine,160, 876–882. doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.9.876.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '9583342', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9583342/'}]}
    2. Spoth, R. L., Redmond, C., & Shin, C. (1998). Direct and indirect latent variable parenting outcomes of two universal family-focused preventive interventions: Extending a public health-oriented research base. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,66, 385–399. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.2.385.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '11550729', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11550729/'}]}
    2. Spoth, R. L., Redmond, C., & Shin, C. (2001). Randomized trial of brief family interventions for general populations: Adolescent substance use outcomes 4 years following baseline. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,69, 627–642. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.69.4.627.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '15279537', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15279537/'}]}
    2. Spoth, R. L., Redmond, C., Shin, C., & Azevedo, K. (2004). Brief family intervention effects on adolescent substance initiation: School-level growth curve analyses 6 years following baseline. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,72, 535–542. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.72.3.535.
    1. None
    2. Spoth, R., Redmond, C., Shin, C., & Huck, S. (1999). A protective process model of parent–child affective quality and child mastery effects on oppositional behaviors: A test and replication. Journal of School Psychology,37(1), 49–71. doi:10.1016/S0022-4405(98)00025-9.
    1. None
    2. Steinberg, L. (2004). The 10 basic principles of good parenting. New York: Simon & Schuster.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '11324077', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11324077/'}]}
    2. Taylor, T. K., & Biglan, A. (1998). Behavioral family interventions for improving child-rearing: A review of the literature for clinicians and policy makers. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review,1, 41–60. doi:10.1023/A:1021848315541.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '1756667', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1756667/'}]}
    2. Teti, G. M., & Gelfand, D. M. (1991). Behavioral competence among mothers of infants in the first year: The mediational role of maternal self-efficacy. Child Development,62, 918–929. doi:10.2307/1131143.
    1. {'text': '', 'ref_index': 1, 'ids': [{'type': 'PubMed', 'value': '17032069', 'is_inner': True, 'url': 'http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17032069/'}]}
    2. Wallace, B. A., & Shapiro, S. L. (2006). Mental balance and well-being: Building bridges between Buddhism and Western psychology. The American Psychologist,61, 690–701. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.7.690.
    1. None
    2. Wenzel, A., & Harvey, J. (2001). Introduction: The movement toward studying the maintenance and enhancement of close romantic relationships. In J. Harvey & A. Wenzel (Eds.), Close romantic relationships: Maintenance and enhancement (pp. 1–10). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    1. None
    2. Witkiewitz, K., Marlatt, G. A., & Walker, D. D. (2005). Mindfulness-based relapse prevention for alcohol use disorders: The meditative tortoise wins the race. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy,19(3), 221–228. doi:10.1891/jcop.2005.19.3.211.

Source: PubMed

赞助者和合作者

医疗条件

药物干预

3
订阅