The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Novel Treatments

Yong-Ku Kim, Cheolmin Shin, Yong-Ku Kim, Cheolmin Shin

Abstract

Background: The human gut microbiome comprise a huge number of microorganisms with co-evolutionary associations with humans. It has been repeatedly revealed that bidirectional communication exists between the brain and the gut and involves neural, hormonal, and immunological pathways. Evidences from neuroscience researches over the past few years suggest that microbiota is essential for the development and maturation of brain systems that are associated to stress responses.

Method: This review provides that the summarization of the communication among microbiota, gut and brain and the results of preclinical and clinical studies on gut microbiota used in treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders.

Result: Recent studies have reported that diverse forms of neuropsychiatric disorders (such as autism, depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia) are associated with or modulated by variations in the microbiome, by microbial substrates, and by exogenous prebiotics, antibiotics, and probiotics.

Conclusion: The microbiota-gut-brain axis might provide novel targets for prevention and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, further studies are required to substantiate the clinical use of probiotics, prebiotics and FMT.

Keywords: Microbiota-gut-brain axis; enteric microbiota; gut microbiota; gut-brain axis; prebiotics; probiotics..

Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.

Figures

Fig. (1)
Fig. (1)
Interaction pathways of the microbiota–gut–brain axis. Gut microbiota and the brain interact in a variety of pathways. Activation of the HPA axis by stress leads to cortisol secretion. It can affect gut integrity, motility and mucus secretion, leading to the change the composition of the gut microbiota. LPS on the surface of gram negative bacteria can affect the brain by mediating immune cells and vagus nerves. Microbial metabolite such as SCFA and microbial neural substrate including catecholamine, histamine and GABA may affect the brain directly or indirectly. Intestinal microorganisms control the amount of serotonin by modulating the tryptophan metabolism. CRH, Corticotropin-releasing hormone; ACTH, Adrenocorticotropic hormone; CNS, Central nervous system; HPA, Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal; SCFA, Short-chain fatty acid; GABA, Gamma-aminobutyric acid; LPS, Lipopolysaccharide.

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