- ICH GCP
- US Clinical Trials Registry
- Clinical Trial NCT03543644
Strategies To OPpose Sugars With Non-nutritive Sweeteners Or Water (STOP Sugars NOW) Trial
A Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effect of Replacing Sugar-sweetened Beverages With Non-nutritive Sweetened Beverages or Water on Gut Microbiome and Metabolic Outcomes: STOP Sugars NOW Trial
Study Overview
Status
Conditions
Intervention / Treatment
Detailed Description
BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE:
International health agencies and chronic disease associations have called for reductions in free/added sugars to ≤5-10% of energy to address the growing epidemics of obesity and diabetes. Attention has focused especially on the reduction of major source of free sugars, sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs), of which the excess consumption has been associated with weight gain, diabetes, and their downstream complications including hypertension and coronary heart disease (CHD). Ontario's Healthy Kids Panel, Health Canada, the Standing Senate Committee, the Heart and Stroke Foundation and Diabetes Canada have recommended policies to reduce SSBs including replacement strategies, taxation, and/or bans on advertising to children. A role for non-nutritive sweeteners (NNSs) in these policy options has been conspicuously absent.
There is an emerging concern that NNSs may contribute to an increase in the diseases that they are trying to prevent. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies have shown that NNSs are associated with increased risk of weight gain, diabetes, and CHD. Although this evidence is recognized to be at high risk of reverse causality and disagrees with the higher quality evidence from randomized controlled trials, several biological mechanisms have been proposed, among them changes in gut microbiome. One highly-influential study concluded that NNSs induce glucose intolerance through a loss of diversity in microbiome. This study, however, disagreed with a subsequent study and had several methodological weaknesses including the lack of a control group. Despite the uncertainties, these data have contributed to a negative view of NNSs in the media.
There is an urgent need to address the ongoing concerns related to NNSs. Health Canada, in particular, has indicated that studies of sugar reduction strategies that use NNSs and target microbiome are an important research priority. The investigators propose to conduct a CIHR-funded randomized controlled trial that assesses the effect of a 'real world' strategy to reduce SSBs using non-nutritive sweetened beverages (NSBs) or water on gut microbiome, glucose tolerance, and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese participants.
OBJECTIVES
- To assess the effect of replacing SSBs with NSBs or water on the first primary outcome of diversity of gut microbiome over 4-weeks in overweight or obese participants.
- To assess the effect of replacing SSBs with NSBs or water on the second primary outcome of glucose tolerance over 4-weeks in overweight or obese participants.
- To assess the effect of replacing SSBs with NSBs or water on the secondary and exploratory outcomes of body weight, blood pressure, glucose and insulin regulation, blood lipids, ectopic fat, liver fat, body adiposity, and diet quality over 4-weeks in overweight or obese participants
PARTICIPANTS:
Participants will be recruited from a population of healthy, adult men and non-pregnant women who are overweight or obese (BMI > 23 kg/m2 for Asian individuals and > 25 kg/m2 other individuals) who currently report drinking SSBs regularly (≥ 1 serving daily). 75 participants will be recruited for the study. Of the 75 participants, 30 of them will be asked to consent to have an MRI taken to measure their liver and muscle adiposity.
DESIGN:
The trial is a four-week single-centre, open-label, randomized controlled cross-over trial with three arms (SSB, NSB, water) comparing the effect of replacing SSBs with NSBs or water on the gut microbiome. Each participant will act as their own control receiving the interventions for four weeks in random order, with intervention phases separated by four-week wash-out phases.
POWER CALCULATION:
The study will be performed in a total of 75 participants. It is powered to show a difference between the water, NSB, and SSB arms in 60 participants in the two primary outcomes. Assuming a drop-out rate of 20 percent, we would need 75 participants in order to have to power to detect a difference.
The first primary outcome is in beta diversity of the gut microbiome communities of the participants between water and NSB groups via 16S ribosomal rRNA gene sequencing. The investigators used the micropower R package to compute sample size based upon the power of 16S tag sequencing that can be analyzed using pairwise weighted UniFrac distances. UniFrac is a distance metric based upon the unique fraction of branch length in a phylogenetic tree built from two sets of taxa. Comparison of microbiome samples is performed via weighted UniFrac, which considers the relative abundance of taxa. The investigators simulated the within-group distance as 0.2, and the standard deviation (SD) of within-group distances as 0.07. To detect a weighted UniFrac distance of 0.04, which is smaller than the effect observed in a studies of Suez et al. (0.05 derived from figure 5), and considering it is a cross-over study with a within-person correlation of 0.7, and taking into account multiple arms the investigators calculated that for above 95 percent power the investigators would need 60 participants in this study. Assuming a loss of 20 percent, the investigators will recruit 75 participants. The investigators are confident about detecting an alteration in gut microbiome diversity if it exists as previous studies show that small changes in diet causes significant alteration in gut microbiome taxa over a much shorter period (5 to 7 days) in fewer individuals (10 to 25 people).
The second primary outcome is glucose tolerance, as measured by incremental Area Under the Curve (iAUC) from a 2-hour 75g OGTT. With 60 participants the investigators will have 89 percent power (assuming absolute numbers for mean and SD from the investigators recent unpublished randomized trial) to detect a 20% change in mean iAUC between the water and NSB group if the direction of change is similar to Suez et al. while assuming a within-person correlation of 0.7 and taking into account the three comparisons. The 20% difference for glucose iAUC is based on the minimally important difference proposed by Health Canada to support postprandial blood glucose response reduction claims.
This power calculation takes into account adjustment for multiple testing for both primary outcomes using the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure, which is a suggested method by the Food and Drug Administration in its "Multiple Endpoints in Clinical Trials Guidance for Industry" (https://www.fda.gov/downloads/drugs/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/guidances/ucm536750.pdf). Benjamini-Hochberg procedure is a step-down method that controls for false discovery rate, while maintaining high power. The investigators will implement a truncated Benjamini-Hochberg method with parallel gatekeeping in which some portion of the unused alpha from each step is reserved for passing to the secondary outcome family if any of the primary outcome is significant. The alpha levels calculated for the primary outcomes is given in table 2. The study is also powered to show a difference between the three arms for secondary outcomes with an α=0.0125, the lowest possible starting α for secondary outcomes based upon the truncated Benjamini-Hochberg procedure.
Sub-study: 1H-MRS will be performed in 30 subjects to assess intrahepatic and intramuscular fat. The investigators will have 99% power to show a difference in liver fat of 5% between the water and NSB arm for both hepatic and muscle fat assuming a between group SD of 4%, with a correlation of 0.65 and alpha of 0.05.
RECRUITMENT:
Using the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) program, the Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC) will perform the randomization with no stratification. Following successful completion of the run-in phase and following measurements taken at the first study visit, participants will be randomized into groups, of a possible six, using a blocked (Latin squares) randomization. These groups will be sequences representing SSB, NSB and water groups. The Latin square sequences will be randomly allocated to participants with a similar number of participants allocated to each treatment sequence. The randomization schedule is also created by AHRC through REDCap. The participants will only be randomized and given their study drinks once all measures from the first study visit are collected.
INTERVENTIONS:
There will be three interventions: Participants will be provided with the SSB of their choice (355 ml, 140kcal, 39g sugars per can), equivalent NSB (355 ml, 0kcal, 0g sugars per can), or water (355 ml, 0kcal, 0g sugars per can or bottle of still or carbonated water) to replace the amount of SSBs they usually consume (≥1serving/day) as determined in the run-in phase. All intervention beverages will be provided to each participant. They will be instructed to replace their usual SSBs with the study beverages while freely consuming their usual background diets. The calories of the intervention groups will not be matched to allow for "real-world" substitutions using products available on the market. They will pick up one week of their beverage assignment at the first visit of each phase and then will have the remaining three weeks of beverages delivered using an online grocery delivery service. The participants will receive relevant drinks during the intervention phase based on their group assignment. They will revert to their usual SSB intake during wash-out phase during which they will not receive any beverages from the study.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
Data will be analyzed according to an intention to treat (ITT) principle using mixed models in STATA 14 (StataCorp, Texas, USA). Sensitivity analysis will be performed on the basis of complete data availability for primary endpoints. A separate sensitivity analysis will be performed on the basis of antibiotic use during the trial.
- Primary outcomes. Repeated measures mixed effect models will be used to assess changes in the two primary outcomes i) beta diversity and ii) glucose iAUC between the groups. Pairwise comparisons between interventions will be performed using Tukey-Kramer adjustment or other appropriate statistics. For all primary outcomes effect modification by sex will be explored. The investigators will use the truncated Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate controlling method with parallel gatekeeping procedure to correct for multiple comparisons for all primary outcomes.
- Secondary outcomes. Repeated measures mixed effect models be used to assess changes in weight, waist circumference, fasting glucose, 2hr plasma glucose, and MATSUDA. Pairwise comparisons between interventions will be performed using Tukey-Kramer adjustment or other appropriate statistics. For all secondary outcomes effect modification by sex will be explored. The investigators will use the truncated Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate controlling method with parallel gatekeeping procedure to correct for multiple comparisons for all secondary outcome comparisons if at least one primary outcome reaches significance. If none of the primary outcomes reach significance, the secondary outcomes will be analyzed as exploratory variables with no adjustment for false discovery rate.
- Exploratory and adherence outcomes. Repeated measures mixed effect models will be used to assess changes in all exploratory outcomes without controlling for false discovery rate. Pairwise comparisons between interventions will be performed using Tukey-Kramer adjustment or other appropriate statistics. Effect modification by sex will be explored.
OUTCOMES:
- The two primary outcomes are change in gut microbiome beta diversity, measured by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and plasma glucose iAUC, measured by OGTT.
- Secondary outcomes are change in waist circumference, body weight, fasting plasma glucose, 2h plasma glucose [2h-PG], and the Matsuda whole body insulin sensitivity index [Matsuda ISIOGTT].
- Exploratory outcomes (specified below as "Other Pre-specified Outcome Measures") represent a comprehensive but non-exhaustive list of potential outcomes to be assessed which will be conducted on an ad hoc basis depending on the availability of funding. These include change in ectopic fat (an early metabolic lesion) in liver (intra-hepatocellular lipid [IHCL]) and calf muscles (intra-myocellular lipid [IMCL]) by 1H-MRS; fasting plasma insulin; 75g OGTT derived indices (iAUC plasma insulin, maximum concentrations (Cmax) and time to maximum concentrations (Tmax) of plasma glucose and insulin, and mean incremental plasma glucose and insulin); homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA IR); the insulin secretion-sensitivity index-2 [ISSI-2]); fasting blood lipid profile; satiety, hunger, and food cravings (using the Control of Eating Questionnaire); diet quality (by analysis of the 3DDRs); and cardiometabolic risk (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lipid profile (LDL, HDL, non-HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol), CRP, urinary sodium, liver function/injury (ALT, AST, ALP, TBIL), and kidney function/injury (albumin-to-creatinine ratio [ACR], creatinine, eGFR)), metabolomics, and proteomics.
- Adherence outcomes will be based on participant beverage logs, returned beverage containers, and objective biomarkers of SSBs (increased 13C/12C ratios in serum fatty acids, increased urinary fructose), water (decreased 13C/12C ratios in serum fatty acids, decreased urinary fructose), and NSBs (increased urinary acesulfame potassium, sucralose) intake.
Study Type
Enrollment (Actual)
Phase
- Not Applicable
Contacts and Locations
Study Locations
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Ontario
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Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5C2T2
- St. Michael's Hospital
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Participation Criteria
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
Genders Eligible for Study
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
- Healthy, adult (age, 18-75 years) men and non-pregnant women;
- Overweight or obese (BMI > 23 kg/m2 for Asian individuals and > 25 kg/m2 other individuals);
- High waist circumference (> 94 cm in men, > 80 cm in women in Europid, Sub-Saharan African, Eastern Mediterranean, and Middle Eastern individuals; > 90 cm in men and > 80 cm in women for South Asian, Chinese, Japanese, and South and Central American individuals);
- Currently report drinking SSBs regularly (≥ 1 serving daily);
- Have a primary care physician;
- Nonsmoker;
- Free of any diseases or illnesses;
- Not regularly taking any medications that have a clinically relevant effect on the primary outcomes, as deemed inappropriate by investigators
Exclusion Criteria:
- Age < 18 or > 75 years;
- BMI < 23 kg/m2 for Asian individuals and < 25 kg/m2 other individuals;
- Waist circumference < 94cm in men, < 80cm in women in Europid, Sub-Saharan African, Eastern Mediterranean, and Middle Eastern individuals; < 90cm in men and < 80 cm in women for South Asian, Chinese, Japanese, and South and Central American individuals;
- Not regularly drinking SSBs (≥1 serving per day);
- Pregnant or breast feeding females, or women planning on becoming pregnant throughout study duration;
- Regular medication use that have a clinically relevant effect on the primary outcomes, as deemed inappropriate by investigators
- Antibiotic use in the last 3 months;
- Complementary or alternative medicine (CAM) use as deemed inappropriate by investigators;
- Self-reported diabetes;
- Self-reported uncontrolled hypertension (or systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥ 160 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥ 100 mmHg [26]);
- Self-reported polycystic ovarian syndrome;
- Self-reported cardiovascular disease;
- Self-reported gastrointestinal disease;
- Previous bariatric surgery;
- Self-reported liver disease;
- Self-reported uncontrolled hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism;
- Self-reported kidney disease;
- Self-reported chronic infection;
- Self-reported lung disease;
- Self-reported cancer/malignancy;
- Self-reported schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders, bipolar and related disorders, and dissociative disorders;
- Major surgery in the last 6 months;
- Other major illness or health-related incidence within the last 6 months;
- Smoker;
- Regular recreational drug users;
- Heavy alcohol use (> 3 drinks/day);
- Do not have a primary care physician;
- Participation in any trials within the last 6 months or for the duration of this study;
- Individuals planning on making dietary or physical activity changes throughout study duration;
- If participating in MRI portion of study: any condition or circumstance which would prevent the participant from having an MRI (e.g. having prostheses or metal implants, tattoos, or claustrophobia)
Study Plan
How is the study designed?
Design Details
- Primary Purpose: Prevention
- Allocation: Randomized
- Interventional Model: Crossover Assignment
- Masking: Single
Arms and Interventions
Participant Group / Arm |
Intervention / Treatment |
---|---|
Active Comparator: Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB)
The SSB intervention will consist the participants' consuming their usual serving of cans SSBs (each 355 ml, 42 grams sugar) per day.
The calories of the SSB group will not be matched to allow for "real-world" substitutions using products available on the market.
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SSBs will be provided to each participant.
Participants will be able to choose their SSB of choice from the list in the protocol.
They will be instructed to drink their usual SSB intake, study drinks provided, while freely consume their usual background diets.
They will revert to their usual SSB intake during wash-out phase during which they will not receive any beverage drinks from the study.
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Experimental: Non-nutritive sweetened beverage (NSB)
The NSB intervention consists of substituting the participants' usual serving of cans SSBs with NSBs (each 355 ml, 0 grams sugar) per day.
The calories of the NSB group will not be matched to allow for "real-world" substitutions using products available on the market.
|
NSBs will be provided to each participant.
Participants will be be given the NSB equivalent to the usual SSB chosen from the list in the protocol.
They will be instructed to replace their usual SSBs with the NSBs while freely consume their usual background diets.
They will revert to their usual SSB intake during wash-out phase during which they will not receive any beverage drinks from the study.
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Experimental: Water
The water intervention consists of substituting the participants' usual serving of cans SSBs with bottles or cans of still or sparkling water (each 355 ml bottle or can, 0 grams sugar) per day.
The calories of the water group will not be matched to allow for "real-world" substitutions using products available on the market.
|
Water will be provided to each participant.
They will be instructed to replace their usual SSBs with the water while freely consume their usual background diets.
They will revert to their usual SSB intake during wash-out phase during which they will not receive any beverage drinks from the study.
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What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Time Frame |
---|---|
Gut microbiome composition measured by 16S rRNA gene sequencing
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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75g OGTT derived plasma glucose iAUC
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Secondary Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Time Frame |
---|---|
Change in waist circumference
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Change in body weight
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Change in fasting plasma glucose
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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75g OGTT derived 2-hour plasma glucose [2h-PG]
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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75g OGTT derived Matsuda whole body insulin sensitivity index [Matsuda ISI OGTT]
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Other Outcome Measures
Outcome Measure |
Time Frame |
---|---|
Ectopic fat in liver (intra-hepatocellular lipid [IHCL]) by 1H-MRS (sub-study, n=30)
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Ectopic fat in calf muscles (intra-myocellular lipid [IMCL]) by 1H-MRS (sub-study, n=30)
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Fasting plasma insulin
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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75g OGTT derived iAUC plasma insulin
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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75g OGTT derived maximum concentrations (Cmax) and time to maximum concentrations (Tmax) of plasma glucose
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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75g OGTT derived maximum concentrations (Cmax) and time to maximum concentrations (Tmax) of plasma insulin
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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75g OGTT derived mean incremental plasma glucose
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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75g OGTT derived mean incremental plasma insulin
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA IR)
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Insulin secretion-sensitivity index-2 (ISSI-2)
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Satiety, hunger, and food cravings (using the Control of Eating Questionnaire)
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Diet quality by Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) (using a weighed three-day diet record)
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Adherence markers - Objective biomarkers of SSBs (increased 13C/12C ratios in serum fatty acids and increased urinary fructose)
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Adherence markers - Objective biomarkers water (decreased 13C/12C ratios in serum fatty acids and decreased urinary fructose)
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Adherence markers - Objective biomarkers NSBs (increased urinary acesulfame potassium and/or sucralose)
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Adherence markers - Beverage logs
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Adherence markers - Returned unused bottles
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Cardiometabolic risk - change in systolic blood pressure
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Cardiometabolic risk - change in diastolic blood pressure
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Cardiometabolic risk - Lipid profile - LDL Cholesterol
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Cardiometabolic risk - Lipid profile - HDL Cholesterol
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Cardiometabolic risk - Lipid profile - non-HDL Cholesterol
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Cardiometabolic risk - Lipid profile - Total Cholesterol
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Cardiometabolic risk - Lipid profile - Triglycerides
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Cardiometabolic risk - C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Cardiometabolic risk - urinary sodium
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Cardiometabolic risk - Liver function/injury by ALT
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Cardiometabolic risk - Liver function/injury by AST
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Cardiometabolic risk - Liver function/injury by ALP
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Cardiometabolic risk - Liver function/injury by TBIL
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Cardiometabolic risk - Kidney function/injury by creatinine
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Cardiometabolic risk - Kidney function/injury by eGFR
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Cardiometabolic risk - Kidney function/injury by urinary ACR
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Urinary and blood metabolomic panel
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Urinary and blood proteomic panel
Time Frame: Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Week 0 and week 4 of each intervention
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Collaborators and Investigators
Sponsor
Collaborators
Publications and helpful links
General Publications
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- Malik VS, Pan A, Willett WC, Hu FB. Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Oct;98(4):1084-102. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.058362. Epub 2013 Aug 21.
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- Singh GM, Micha R, Khatibzadeh S, Lim S, Ezzati M, Mozaffarian D; Global Burden of Diseases Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Expert Group (NutriCoDE). Estimated Global, Regional, and National Disease Burdens Related to Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in 2010. Circulation. 2015 Aug 25;132(8):639-66. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010636. Epub 2015 Jun 29.
- Azad MB, Abou-Setta AM, Chauhan BF, Rabbani R, Lys J, Copstein L, Mann A, Jeyaraman MM, Reid AE, Fiander M, MacKay DS, McGavock J, Wicklow B, Zarychanski R. Nonnutritive sweeteners and cardiometabolic health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies. CMAJ. 2017 Jul 17;189(28):E929-E939. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.161390.
- Zeevi D, Korem T, Zmora N, Israeli D, Rothschild D, Weinberger A, Ben-Yacov O, Lador D, Avnit-Sagi T, Lotan-Pompan M, Suez J, Mahdi JA, Matot E, Malka G, Kosower N, Rein M, Zilberman-Schapira G, Dohnalova L, Pevsner-Fischer M, Bikovsky R, Halpern Z, Elinav E, Segal E. Personalized Nutrition by Prediction of Glycemic Responses. Cell. 2015 Nov 19;163(5):1079-1094. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.11.001.
- Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Manson JE, Rimm EB, Willett WC. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jul 6;343(1):16-22. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200007063430103.
- Caporaso JG, Kuczynski J, Stombaugh J, Bittinger K, Bushman FD, Costello EK, Fierer N, Pena AG, Goodrich JK, Gordon JI, Huttley GA, Kelley ST, Knights D, Koenig JE, Ley RE, Lozupone CA, McDonald D, Muegge BD, Pirrung M, Reeder J, Sevinsky JR, Turnbaugh PJ, Walters WA, Widmann J, Yatsunenko T, Zaneveld J, Knight R. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nat Methods. 2010 May;7(5):335-6. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.f.303. Epub 2010 Apr 11. No abstract available.
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Helpful Links
- Diabetes Canada, Diabetes Canada's Position on sugars.
- Healthy Kids Panel, No time to wait: The healthy kids strategy.
- Unhealthy Food and Beverage Marketing to Children Discussion paper for public consultation.
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Study record dates
Study Major Dates
Study Start (Actual)
Primary Completion (Actual)
Study Completion (Actual)
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
First Posted (Actual)
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (Actual)
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
Last Verified
More Information
Terms related to this study
Keywords
Additional Relevant MeSH Terms
Other Study ID Numbers
- CIHR-STOP Sugars NOW
Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)
Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?
Drug and device information, study documents
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product
Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product
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