The Effects of Swimming on Elderly Women With Stage-2 Hypertension

October 30, 2020 updated by: Won-mok son, Pusan National University

The Effects of Swimming Training on Arterial Function, Strength and Cardiorespiratory Capacity in Elderly Women With Stage 2 Hypertension

Aging is associated with progressive decreases in arterial health and function as well as overall fitness. It is crucial to prevent or reduce the negative effects of aging on the vasculature and fitness components by implementing appropriate lifestyle interventions, such as exercise training. We examined the effects of a swimming (SWM) regimen on arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity, PWV), blood pressure (BP), wave reflection (AIx), muscle strength and aerobic capacity in elderly women with stage 2 hypertension.

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Detailed Description

Using a parallel experimental design, participants were randomly assigned to either SWM (n=52) or non-exercising control group (n=48) for 20 weeks. Participant in the SWM group trained 3-4 days/week, progressing in duration from 25 to 45 min. Participants' carotid to radial PWV (crPWV), systolic and diastolic BP, AIx, strength and VO2max were measured at baseline and after 20 weeks of their assigned intervention.

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

100

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

65 years to 85 years (Older Adult)

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Genders Eligible for Study

Female

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • systolic/diastolic BP: 140-179 over 90-119 mm Hg
  • had experienced the absence of menstruation for at least 1 year
  • body mass index <30 kg/m2
  • <1 h of regular exercise per week in the previous year

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Smoker
  • Taking any medications or hormone therapy in previous year

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Treatment
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: Single

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Swimming
Participants performed SWM training (combination of free style, breast stroke, and backstroke) for 20 weeks. For the first 5 weeks subjects swam 25-30 minutes/day, 3-4 days/week at ~60% of maximal heart rate. As their overall level of fitness and exercise skill improved, the intensity and duration of exercise increased to 40-45 minutes/day, 3-4 days/week at an intensity of 70-75% of the HRmax. Target HR was adjusted based on the observation that maximal heart rate during SWM is approximately 12 beats/min lower than that during running. Each subject was instructed to swim continuously except during the time needed for checking a target heart rate
Behavioral: Swimming
This group completed 20-weeks of swimming
No Intervention: Control
Participants in the non-exercising control group did not participate in a supervised exercise program and visited the laboratory at the same frequency as participants in the swim intervention and underwent recreational activities such as board games

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Arterial Stiffness
Time Frame: 20-weeks
via Pulse Wave Velocity
20-weeks

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Systolic Blood Pressure
Time Frame: 20-weeks
systolic blood pressure
20-weeks
Pressure Wave Reflection
Time Frame: 20-weeks
via Augmentation Index
20-weeks
Muscular Strength
Time Frame: 20-weeks
via Hand Grip Dynamometer
20-weeks
Cardiorespiratory Endurance (Volume of Maximal Oxygen Consumption)
Time Frame: 20-weeks
via Cornell Modified Bruce treadmill volume of oxygen consumption maximum (VO2max) test
20-weeks
Diastolic Blood Pressure
Time Frame: 20 weeks
20 weeks

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Pusan National University

Collaborators

University of Nebraska
Marymount University
Dong-Eui University

Publications and helpful links

The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.

General Publications

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

January 1, 2017

Primary Completion (Actual)

January 1, 2018

Study Completion (Actual)

April 1, 2018

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

May 22, 2018

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

June 3, 2018

First Posted (Actual)

June 6, 2018

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

November 18, 2020

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

October 30, 2020

Last Verified

October 1, 2020

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • SwimmingMenopause

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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