Dry Needling and Shoulder Muscle Blood Flow, Motions, and Pain Sensitivity

Does Dry Needling Change Shoulder Muscle Blood Flow, Motions, and Pain Sensitivity?

Shoulder pain is one of the most common reasons people consult with their primary health care provider, and 40-50% of these patients with shoulder pain continued to complain of persistent symptoms after 6 to 12 months. It has been suggested that the presence of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) may contribute to the chronicity of shoulder symptoms. An MTrP is a hyperirritable taut band of tissue within a muscle that produces pain when stimulated MTrPs are common in patients with shoulder disorders and occur most often in the infraspinatus muscle of a painful shoulder MTrPs were associated with an acidic biochemical environment with elevated levels of inflammatory mediators, neuropeptides, and proinflammatory cytokines such as bradykinin and calcitonin g-related peptide. It was hypothesized that metabolic demands on muscle and capillary constrictions may contribute to the development of MTrPs. To date, only a few studies have examined the vascular environment of MTrPs and surrounding areas before and after dry needling. No studies have yet examined whether dry needling would change blood flow in patients with shoulder pathology. Therefore, the purpose of this pilot study is to examine the effect of dry needling on blood flow of the infraspinatus muscle using color Doppler imaging in individuals with and without shoulder pain.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Shoulder Pain; Dry Needling
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Dry Needling

Detailed Description

RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design for this experimental study will be a repeated measures design. The outcome variables collected in this study are the following: peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, resistive index, pulsatile index, of the infraspinatus, shoulder range of motion (ROM) of internal and external rotations, and Pain pressure threshold (PPT).

PROCEDURE

Eligible participants will be asked to complete an intake form (see Section 6 and 9), asking them about their demographic data, including age, gender, height, weight, occupation, past medical history, and questions related to their shoulder pain (onset, injury mechanism if any, location, duration, type, and nature). The participant's eligibility will be confirmed by the Principal Investigator (PI). Next, each participant will complete the shortened Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand Questionnaire (QuickDASH) to determine the participants disability level due to their shoulder pain. After gathering the subjective information and confirming presence of MTrP using palpation, blood flow parameters, shoulder ROMs and PPTs will be collected from the most painful side. If both sides are equally painful, a coin-flip will be used to determine the side of testing. In a subgroup of the first 15 participants in each group, the outcome measures will be assessed twice with a 5-minute break between each measure to establish the reliability prior to the dry needling intervention. The outcome measurements will be administered in an order of shoulder ROMs, followed by PPT and blood flow parameters before the dry needling and in a reverse order of blood flow parameters, PPT and shoulder ROM after dry needling in order to minimize the position changes and to capture immediate changes of blood flow.

SHOULDER RANGE OF MOTION

Range of motion testing will be performed with the individual in supine with the shoulder at 90° abduction and 10° of horizontal abduction with 90° of elbow flexion. Two examiners (The PI and a research assistant) will be responsible for all the measurements, one to measure the shoulder ROM and the other to read the measurements off the goniometer. The center of rotation of the goniometer will be placed over the olecranon while one arm of the goniometer will be positioned along the length of the ulna, aligned with the ulnar styloid process. The other arm will be positioned perpendicular to the ground. For both measurement of shoulder internal and external rotation, scapular compensation will be monitored by using the thumb on the coracoid process and fingers along the spine of the scapula. Each measurement will be repeated three times with the average measurements used for data analysis.

PRESSURE PAIN THRESHOLD TESTING

During the PPT testing, the participant will be placed in the prone position with upper extremities relaxed at their sides. PPT of the infraspinatus will be tested in the muscle belly below the midpoint of the spine of scapula. The participants will be given a stop button and instructed to stop the test as soon as the pressure becomes uncomfortable or painful, and not to allow a painful or uncomfortable sensation to continue. The participants will be familiarized with the algometer, which will consist of a single trial on the non-painful side to ensure that the participant understands the process. An average of three trials will be used for data analysis.

ULTRASOUND IMAGING

Each participants will remain in the same position for ultrasound imaging. The ultrasound transducer will be placed perpendicular to the infraspinous fossa to visualize arterioles or arteries in the vicinity of the MTrPs and to quantify the velocity of blood flow at the MTrPs of the infraspinatus determined by palpation by the PI (JB) during the eligibility screen. The location of the transducer will be outlined after initial placement to ensure consistent placement of the transducer between the testing sessions. The spectral Doppler waveforms will be analyzed to trace the velocities throughout the cardiac cycle. The peak systolic (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), resistive index (RI) and pulsatile index (PI) will be calculated using software available on the device. On a Doppler waveform, the PSV corresponds to each "peak" within the spectral window, whereas the EDV corresponds to the point marked at the end of the cardiac cycle just prior to the systolic peak. These values will be used to calculate the RI with the formula RI = (PSV - EDV)/PSV and the PI with the formula PI = (PSV - EDV)/mean velocity, where mean velocity is the average flow velocity during the cardiac cycle.

INTERVENTION

Following the baseline testing, the PI will perform the dry needling intervention. A sterile, disposable, solid filament needle (Seirin Corp., Shizuoka, Japan) will be inserted manually into the MTrP of the infraspinatus muscle. Once the needle has been inserted, the needle will be pistoned in an up-and-down motion within the infraspinatus muscle at approximately 1Hz for 10 seconds, Individuals with shoulder pain will receive dry needling to the two to four most tender points in the infraspinatus based on examiner palpation (JB). The control group will receive dry needling to two points in the muscle belly of the infraspinatus near the insertion and below the midpoint of the spine of the scapula.

REASSESSMENT

Immediately following the interventions, measures of the three outcomes will be collected in the following order to minimize position changes for all participants (blood flow parameters, infraspinatus PPT, and shoulder range of motion). Additionally, any adverse events following the dry needling procedures will be assessed immediately, such as bruising, nausea, dizziness, or post-needling soreness. If bleeding occurs, the participant will be informed.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 40
• Phase: Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• United States
  • Texas
    • Dallas, Texas, United States, 75235
      • Texas Woman's University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 18 years to 65 years (Adult, Older Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

Individuals without shoulder pain:

• Ages 18-65 and without a history of shoulder pain in the last 12 months
• absence of a MTrP in the infraspinatus as determined by palpation

Individuals with shoulder pain:

• Ages 18-65 with unilateral nonspecific shoulder pain based on participants' self-reported pain level of greater than or equal to 2/10 on the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) in last 24 hours
• non-traumatic origin of pain
• presence of at least one MTrP with referral pain pattern in the infraspinatus muscle determined through palpation.

Exclusion Criteria:

• systemic joint disease (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis)
• evidence of red flags (e.g. fracture, infection, tumor, cauda equina syndrome)
• cancer
• neurological disorders
• neuropathy
• Raynaud's disease
• pregnancy
• previous shoulder surgery
• repeated infection
• immunocompromised disease (e.g., diabetes mellitus, HIV, AIDS, lupus)
• inability to maintain the testing and treatment positions (i.e., supine and prone-lying) for 15 minutes at a time.
• bleeding disorders (e.g. hemophilia)
• use of anti-coagulants (e.g. Coumadin)

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Basic Science
• Allocation: N/A
• Interventional Model: Single Group Assignment
• Masking: None (Open Label)

Number of Arms

1

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm

Intervention / Treatment

Experimental: Individuals with and without Shoulder Pain; Individuals with shoulder pain will receive dry needling to the two to four most tender points in the infraspinatus based on examiner palpation Individuals without shoulder pain will receive dry needling to two points in the muscle belly of the infraspinatus near the insertion and below the midpoint of the spine of the scapula

Other: Dry Needling; A sterile, disposable, solid filament needle (Seirin Corp., Shizuoka, Japan) will be inserted manually into the MTrP of the infraspinatus muscles. Once the needle has been inserted, the technique described by Hong (1994) will be used. The needle will be pistoned in an up and down motion within the infraspinatus muscle at approximately 1Hz for 10 seconds with the aim of eliciting local twitch responses.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Resistive Index (RI)	Resistive Index is used to assess the resistance in a pulsatile vascular system.The RI is defined by the the formula RI = (PSV - EDV)/PSV.	Change from baseline RI immediately
Pulsatile Index (PI)	Pulsatility index (PI) is defined as the difference between the peak systolic flow and minimum diastolic flow velocity, divided by the mean velocity recorded throughout the cardiac cycle. It is a non-invasive method of assessing vascular resistance with the use of Doppler ultrasonography. PI is defined with the formula PI = (PSV - EDV)/mean velocity, where mean velocity is the average flow velocity during the cardiac cycle.	Change from baseline PI immediately
End Diastolic Velocity (EDV)	EDV corresponds to the point marked at the end of the cardiac cycle just prior to the systolic peak.	Change from baseline EDV immediately
Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV)	On a Doppler waveform, the PSV corresponds to each "peak" within the spectral window. These values will be used to calculate the RI with the formula RI = (PSV - EDV)/PSV.	Change from baseline PSV immediately

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Shoulder Range of Motion	shoulder range of motion of internal and external rotation is the number of degrees of motion measured using standard goniometry.	Change from baseline shoulder range of motion immediately
Pain Pressure Thresholds	Pressure pain threshold (kPa) is a quantitative sensory test, used to measure deep muscular tissue sensitivity to mechanical pressure stimuli. The test determines the amount of pressure over the infraspinatus in which a steadily increasing non-painful pressure stimulus turns into a painful pressure sensation.	Change from baseline Pain Pressure Threshold immediately

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Texas Woman's University
• Investigators: Principal Investigator: Jace A Brown, Texas Woman's University

Publications and helpful links

General Publications

• Luime JJ, Koes BW, Hendriksen IJ, Burdorf A, Verhagen AP, Miedema HS, Verhaar JA. Prevalence and incidence of shoulder pain in the general population; a systematic review. Scand J Rheumatol. 2004;33(2):73-81. doi: 10.1080/03009740310004667.
• Park G, Kim CW, Park SB, Kim MJ, Jang SH. Reliability and usefulness of the pressure pain threshold measurement in patients with myofascial pain. Ann Rehabil Med. 2011 Jun;35(3):412-7. doi: 10.5535/arm.2011.35.3.412. Epub 2011 Jun 30.
• Hong CZ. Lidocaine injection versus dry needling to myofascial trigger point. The importance of the local twitch response. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1994 Jul-Aug;73(4):256-63. doi: 10.1097/00002060-199407000-00006.
• Hidalgo-Lozano A, Fernandez-de-las-Penas C, Diaz-Rodriguez L, Gonzalez-Iglesias J, Palacios-Cena D, Arroyo-Morales M. Changes in pain and pressure pain sensitivity after manual treatment of active trigger points in patients with unilateral shoulder impingement: a case series. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2011 Oct;15(4):399-404. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.12.003. Epub 2011 Jan 17.
• Shah JP, Thaker N, Heimur J, Aredo JV, Sikdar S, Gerber L. Myofascial Trigger Points Then and Now: A Historical and Scientific Perspective. PM R. 2015 Jul;7(7):746-761. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.01.024. Epub 2015 Feb 24.
• Bron C, Dommerholt J, Stegenga B, Wensing M, Oostendorp RA. High prevalence of shoulder girdle muscles with myofascial trigger points in patients with shoulder pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011 Jun 28;12:139. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-139.
• Sandberg M, Lundeberg T, Lindberg LG, Gerdle B. Effects of acupuncture on skin and muscle blood flow in healthy subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2003 Sep;90(1-2):114-9. doi: 10.1007/s00421-003-0825-3. Epub 2003 Jun 24.
• Nascimento JDSD, Alburquerque-Sendin F, Vigolvino LP, Oliveira WF, Sousa CO. Absolute and Relative Reliability of Pressure Pain Threshold Assessments in the Shoulder Muscles of Participants With and Without Unilateral Subacromial Impingement Syndrome. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2020 Jan;43(1):57-67. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2019.04.002. Epub 2020 Feb 13.
• de Micco C, Toga M. [The immune status of the central nervous system]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1988;144(12):776-88. French.

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): June 30, 2022
• Primary Completion (Actual): June 30, 2024
• Study Completion (Actual): June 30, 2024

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: July 12, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: July 15, 2022
• First Posted (Actual): July 20, 2022

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimated): November 19, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 15, 2024
• Last Verified: November 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: shoulder pain; dry needling; pain pressure threshold
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Pain; Neurologic Manifestations; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Joint Diseases; Arthralgia; Shoulder Pain
• Other Study ID Numbers: IRB-FY2022-349

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: YES
• IPD Sharing Time Frame: When the summary data are published. Data obtained through this study may be provided to qualified researchers with academic interest in Dry Needling. Data or samples shared will be coded, with no PHI included. Approval of the request and execution of all applicable agreements (i.e. a material transfer agreement) are prerequisites to the sharing of data with the requesting party.
• IPD Sharing Access Criteria: Access to trial IPD can be requested by qualified researchers engaging in independent scientific research, and will be provided following review and approval of a research proposal and execution of a Data Sharing Agreement (DSA).
• IPD Sharing Supporting Information Type: STUDY_PROTOCOL; SAP; ICF

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No
• product manufactured in and exported from the U.S.: No