The Effects of Sevoflurane, Isoflurane and Propofol During Cardiac Surgery

The Effects of Sevoflurane, Isoflurane and Propofol on the Hemodynamic, Body Energy Expenditure During Cardiac Surgery in Adults: a Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract Anaesthetic support for cardiac surgery significantly influences the course of the intraoperative period and the success of the postoperative period. Total intravenous anaesthesia and inhalation anaesthesia are the traditional methods of anaesthesia in cardiac surgery. However, there are few studies assessing the effectiveness of surgical aggression protection in cardiac surgery.

Objectives: To study the effectiveness of body protection against surgical aggression by TIVA and inhalational anaesthesia in cardiac surgery.

Materials and methods. The examination and treatment data of 89 patients were included in the study. All patients underwent coronary artery bypass grafting, mitral valve replacement/plasty, aortic valve replacement cardiopulmonary bypass conditions.

The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the type of disease: the first (1) group with coronary heart disease. The second (2) group with valvular heart disease. There were 65 patients in the first group and 22 in the second. Both groups were divided into 3 subgroups according to the type of anaesthesia: patients anaesthetised with propofol, with sevoflurane, with isoflurane.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Coronary Artery Disease; Mitral Valve Insufficiency; Aortic Valve Insufficiency
• Intervention / Treatment: Drug: Sevoflurane; Drug: Propofol; Drug: Isoflurane

Detailed Description

All patients were divided into 2 groups according to the type of disease: the first (1) group with coronary heart disease. The second (2) group with valvular heart disease. There were 65 patients in the first group and 22 in the second. Both groups were divided into 3 subgroups according to the type of anaesthesia: patients anaesthetised with propofol, with sevoflurane, with isoflurane.

The study was conducted in 5 stages:

1. Initial haemodynamic parameters and oxygen transport function of the patient's blood before anaesthesia were determined;
2. after tracheal intubation;
3. Before the CPB;
4. after the CPB;
5. The post-operative period until the patient is extubated. Before induction into anaesthesia, haemodynamic monitoring was started on admission to the operating theatre using a Nihon Kohden monitor (Japan). The right radial artery was catheterised for invasive monitoring of systemic arterial pressure and arterial blood sampling, and a catheter was then inserted into the central jugular vein (under ultrasound machine control) and guided into the right atrium for mixed venous blood sampling.

Cardiac stroke volume was determined by transthoracic echocardiography (CS=end diastolic volume - end systolic volume). Cardiac output (CO=CS x heart rate), cardiac index (CI=CO/body surface area) were determined. We determined blood oxygen content using the formula CaO2 (arterial ABB) and CvO2 (central mixed venous ABB) = [(1.34 × Hb × SO2) + (PO2 × 0.031)] / 100. Arteriovenous difference = CaO2-CvO2. Oxygen delivery was determined using the formula (DO2 = CI* CaO2). Oxygen consumption (VO2 = Cardiac index (CI)*AVD or VO2 = CO × (CaO2 - CvO2) ~ CO × Hb × 1.34 × (SaO2 - SvO2) / 100).

In the second stage, after tracheal intubation, indirect calorimetry was used to determine VO2, energy expenditure during anaesthesia using a Spirometry device (Oxford, UK), which was connected to an endotracheal tube and continuously showed oxygen demand and energy expenditure. A transesophageal echocardiography sensor was used to determine cardiac output. Additionally, the cardiac output was determined by Fick's formula in patients with CHD. The same tests (cardiac output, cardiac index, consumption, oxygen delivery, energy expenditure) were performed in the third and fourth stages of anaesthesia. In the last stage, the consumption of muscle relaxants and opioid analgesics was calculated to assess the pharmaco-efficiency of anaesthetics. The time of extubation and the time of transfer of the patient to the specialist department were determined.

All patients continued antihypertensive medication both before and on the day of surgery to prevent the development of withdrawal syndrome and to reduce the risk of perioperative myocardial ischaemia.

All patients in both groups were anesthetized with fentanyl at a dose of 5-7 µg/kg, ketamine 1.5-2 mg/kg, and propofol 1-1.5 mg/kg intravenously fractionally. Pipecuronium bromide 0.04-0.07 mg/kg was used as muscle relaxant in all patients. To maintain anaesthesia in Group 1 P, propofol was used as an anaesthetic in a dose of 4-6 mg/kg/h intravenously on a perfusor (BBRAUN). In Group 2, sevoflurane was used as an anaesthetic in a dose of - 1.7-1.9 MAC. In Group 3 isoflurane was used as the anesthetic in the dose of 1.1-1.2 MAC. Fentanyl 100 µg intravenously was administered fractionally in all groups to increase heart rate and blood pressure, and pipecuronium bromide 2 mg intravenously for myorelaxation. During CPB, propofol at a dose of 6 mg/kg/h intravenously via perfusion was used in all patients in all groups. Anaesthesia regimen: fentanyl 100 µg IV every 30 min; myorelaxant pipecuronium bromide 2 mg every 40-60 min. Norepinephrine solution was administered at a dose of 0.07 µg/kg/min intravenously on perfusion and dobutamine 5 µg/kg/min after CPB in all patients at the same dosages in all groups.

• Study Type: Interventional
• Enrollment (Actual): 89
• Phase: Phase 1

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Kazakhstan
  • Astana, Kazakhstan, 0.00001
    • Bekzat

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: 40 years to 60 years (Adult)
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
• Genders Eligible for Study: All

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• • The age is between 40-60 years old;

  • Mitral valve insufficiency grade 3-4;
  • Aortic valve insufficiency grade 3-4;
  • Participants of both sexes will be included in the study;
  • Signed informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• • pregnancy (risk to the baby and the mother)

  • allergenic patients (anaphylactic shock).
  • vulnerable groups.
  • current congestive heart failure;
  • current unstable angina pectoris;
  • preoperative hemodynamic instability, defined as the use of vasopressors;

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Design Details

• Primary Purpose: Other
• Allocation: Randomized
• Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
• Masking: Single

Number of Arms

3

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm	Intervention / Treatment
Other: Propofol; Anesthesia	Drug: Propofol; To maintain anaesthesia in Group 1 P, propofol was used as an anaesthetic in a dose of 4-6 mg/kg/h intravenously on a perfusor; Other Names: Propofol;
Other: Isofluran; Anesthesia	Drug: Isoflurane; Isoflurane; Other Names: В качестве анестетика использовали изофлуран - 1,1-1,2 ПДК.
Other: Sevofluran; Anesthesia	Drug: Sevoflurane; Sevoflurane; Other Names: в качестве анестетика использовали севофлуран в дозе - 1,7-1,9 ПДК.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Oxygen delivery	The oxygen delivery was found by formula (DO2 = CI* CaO2)	1 year
cardiac index	cardiac index (CI=CO/body surface area	1 year
Oxygen consumption	oxygen consumption (VO2 = Cardiac index *AVD or VO2 = CO × (CaO2 - CvO2) ~ CB × Hb × 1,34 × (SaO2 - SvO2) / 100)	1 year
cardiac stroke	The cardiac stroke (CS) volume was determined by transthoracic echocardiography (CS =end diastolic volume-end systolic volume).	1 year

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Astana Medical University
• Investigators: Study Director: Alibek Kh Mustafin, Professor, Astana Medical University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): January 22, 2021
• Primary Completion (Actual): November 19, 2022
• Study Completion (Actual): December 16, 2022

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: December 21, 2022
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 12, 2023
• First Posted (Estimate): January 24, 2023

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimate): January 24, 2023
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: January 12, 2023
• Last Verified: January 1, 2023

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: sevoflurane; propofol; CHD; heart valve; isoflurane
• Additional Relevant MeSH Terms: Myocardial Ischemia; Heart Diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases; Vascular Diseases; Arteriosclerosis; Arterial Occlusive Diseases; Aortic Valve Disease; Heart Valve Diseases; Coronary Disease; Coronary Artery Disease; Mitral Valve Insufficiency; Aortic Valve Insufficiency; Physiological Effects of Drugs; Central Nervous System Depressants; Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anesthetics, General; Anesthetics; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Anesthetics, Inhalation; Propofol; Sevoflurane; Isoflurane
• Other Study ID Numbers: 10

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

• Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?: No

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No