Turkish Version of the Smart Tools Proneness Questionnaire

Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Version of the Smart Tools Proneness Questionnaire

Technologically advanced tool solutions (i.e., the highest level of automation) may not always be the preferred choice for participants when given an option. Various experiments show that in vehicles, low to moderate levels of automation are often preferred over highly automated vehicles. The association of higher task demands with smarter tools has been reported to influence tool selection along with task demand. However, participants may avoid using a fully automatic tool even if the task is highly laborious. In fact, in a series of experiments, participants more distinctly preferred manually completing routine tasks over more efficient fully automatic task completion.

Based on these collective theories, the Smart Tools Proneness Questionnaire (STP-Q), developed by Navarro J. and colleagues, aims to explore and measure interindividual differences influencing an individual's propensity to use smart tools, their initial selection of smart tools, and subsequent usage. In practice, measuring the propensity of any individual to use smart tools will be significantly beneficial for both professionals and non-professionals involved in designing, producing, and implementing such tools. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to translate, validate, and establish the reliability of the Turkish version of the STP-Q.

Study Overview

• Status: Completed
• Conditions: Health, Subjective
• Intervention / Treatment: Other: Questionnaire

Detailed Description

Individuals have developed a unique and enduring relationship with the tools they use. This relationship can be described as the creation and use of tools to define the human species. With advancements in techniques and technologies, complex human-tool interactions now occur in many daily situations. The development of these more complex human-tool interactions accompanies the creation of smarter tools. These advanced tools are increasingly inclined towards autonomy and their functionalities now surpass the understanding of most users, and even the initial designers.

Smart tools are understood as any machine or device that can complete tasks involving information, mechanics, or electronics in lieu of or in connection with individuals. The smartphone can now be considered a ubiquitous example of such tools, reaching approximately half or more of the global population in the past decade. In high-income countries in North America and Europe, over 80% of the population owns a smartphone. The idea that individual differences play a crucial role in the implementation of any technological innovation has become a recurring theme in various disciplines, including information systems, manufacturing, and marketing.

Technologically advanced tool solutions (i.e., the highest level of automation) may not always be the preferred choice for participants when given an option. Various experiments show that in vehicles, low to moderate levels of automation are often preferred over highly automated vehicles. The association of higher task demands with smarter tools has been reported to influence tool selection along with task demand. However, participants may avoid using a fully automatic tool even if the task is highly laborious. In fact, in a series of experiments, participants more distinctly preferred manually completing routine tasks over more efficient fully automatic task completion.

Based on these collective theories, the Smart Tools Proneness Questionnaire (STP-Q), developed by Navarro J. and colleagues, aims to explore and measure interindividual differences influencing an individual's propensity to use smart tools, their initial selection of smart tools, and subsequent usage. In practice, measuring the propensity of any individual to use smart tools will be significantly beneficial for both professionals and non-professionals involved in designing, producing, and implementing such tools. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to translate, validate, and establish the reliability of the Turkish version of the STP-Q.

• Study Type: Observational
• Enrollment (Actual): 330

Contacts and Locations

Study Locations

• Turkey
  • Çankırı, Turkey
    • Çankırı Karatekin University

Participation Criteria

Eligibility Criteria

• Ages Eligible for Study: Adult
• Accepts Healthy Volunteers: Yes

• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Inclusion Criteria:

• The inclusion criteria for participants in this validation study require individuals to be 18-55 years, actively use smart devices, provide written consent, possess proficiency in the Turkish language, and not have specific abnormalities or impairments that may hinder accurate survey completion. Ethical considerations, aligned with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration, will be maintained throughout the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Conversely, exclusion criteria involve disqualifying individuals below the age of 18 or above 55, non-users of smart devices, those unwilling to provide written consent, individuals lacking proficiency in Turkish, and those with physical or cognitive impairments. This comprehensive approach ensures that participants are suitable for the research, promoting reliable and meaningful responses while upholding ethical standards in the study's execution.

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

• The inclusion criteria for participants in this validation study require individuals to be 18-55 years, actively use smart devices, provide written consent, possess proficiency in the Turkish language, and not have specific abnormalities or impairments that may hinder accurate survey completion. Ethical considerations, aligned with the principles of the Helsinki Declaration, will be maintained throughout the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Conversely, exclusion criteria involve disqualifying individuals below the age of 18 or above 55, non-users of smart devices, those unwilling to provide written consent, individuals lacking proficiency in Turkish, and those with physical or cognitive impairments. This comprehensive approach ensures that participants are suitable for the research, promoting reliable and meaningful responses while upholding ethical standards in the study's execution.

Study Plan

How is the study designed?

Number of groups / cohorts

1

Cohorts and Interventions

Group / Cohort

Intervention / Treatment

Questionnaire group; This study will be conducted in Turkey between January and August Ferbruary 2024, and it aims to investigate the Turkish translation, reliability, and validity of the AAE-A survey. All participants must meet the following inclusion criteria: (i) be 18 years old or older, (ii) use smart devices and tools, and (iii) provide written consent to participate. Participants with specific abnormalities such as cognitive or neurological disorders, upper extremity pain, functional limitations, or cognitive impairments will be excluded from the study to ensure the accuracy of the norms. It is estimated that a sample size of 270 individuals, with 10 individuals per item, will be needed for the sample size of this study."

Other: Questionnaire; The translation and cultural adaptation of the survey will be conducted according to the guidelines of Beaton et al. Following the Beaton guidelines, the translation and cultural adaptation steps are as follows: 1) The original version of the survey will be translated into Turkish separately by two individuals whose native language is Turkish and who are proficient in English. One translator will be an English linguistics scholar unfamiliar with the concepts and terms, while the other will be a physiotherapist familiar with the concepts and terms; 2) Subsequently, the translations will be merged into a single text by these two translators; 3) The final Turkish version of the survey will be translated back into English by two translators who are unaware of the study; 4) The translations will then be combined by these two translators to create a harmonized and single text; 5) The back-translation and cultural adaptation; Other Names: Demographic Data

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure	Measure Description	Time Frame
Smart Tool Proneness Qustionnaire	The Smart Tool Proneness Qustionnaire (STP-Q): STP-Q is a 27-item self-report scale that assesses an individual's inclination to use smart devices on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree). The total score of the scale ranges from 27 to 189, where a higher score indicates a stronger inclination. STP-Q provides practitioners with an individual tendency measure in three dimensions of using smart devices: utilitarian use, hedonic and social use, and inclination to delegate tasks.	15 Minutes

Collaborators and Investigators

• Sponsor: Çankırı Karatekin University

Study record dates

Study Major Dates

• Study Start (Actual): December 15, 2023
• Primary Completion (Actual): February 5, 2024
• Study Completion (Actual): February 6, 2024

Study Registration Dates

• First Submitted: November 20, 2023
• First Submitted That Met QC Criteria: November 20, 2023
• First Posted (Actual): November 28, 2023

Study Record Updates

• Last Update Posted (Estimated): February 7, 2024
• Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria: February 6, 2024
• Last Verified: February 1, 2024

More Information

Terms related to this study

• Keywords: Reliability and Validity; Smart Devices; Human-Tool Interaction; Digital Literacy
• Other Study ID Numbers: ab2e5654208645eb

Drug and device information, study documents

• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product: No
• Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product: No