The Role of Self-efficacy Program for Self-management of People With Type Diabetes Mellitus

May 23, 2026 updated by: Nida Ul Hasanat, Gadjah Mada University

The Role of Self-Efficacy Program for Self-Management of People With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Mixed Methods Exploratory Study

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if a self-efficacy program can improve diabetes self-management behaviors in adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus attending primary health centers (Puskesmas) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The main questions it aims to answer are:

  • Does a self-efficacy program improve diabetes self-management behaviors (measured by the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities/SDSCA)?
  • Does a self-efficacy program enhance diabetes self-efficacy (measured by the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale)? Researchers will compare participants receiving the self-efficacy program (intervention group) to a waiting-list control group to see if the program leads to greater improvements in self-management and self-efficacy.

Participants will:

  • Attend four weekly group sessions (60-90 minutes each) covering diabetes knowledge, goal setting, self-monitoring, and peer support
  • Complete questionnaires on diabetes self-management and self-efficacy at baseline and after the intervention period
  • Selected participants in the intervention group will take part in semi-structured interviews about their experience with the program

Study Overview

Status

Completed

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

16

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Indonesia
    • DI Yogyakarta
      • Yogyakarta, DI Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55272
        • Puskesmas (Primary Health Care) Gedongtengen

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

No

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • individuals diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus for a minimum of one year;
  • exhibiting low or moderate scores on the Diabetes Self-management Scale;
  • no prior experience with similar programs or concurrent participation in other related activities

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Supportive Care
  • Allocation: Non-Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Self-Efficacy Program Group
Participants at the intervention Puskesmas received a structured self-efficacy program consisting of four weekly group sessions (60-90 minutes each) delivered by a trained nurse researcher. Sessions covered diabetes knowledge enhancement, personal goal setting, self-monitoring techniques, peer experience sharing, problem-solving strategies, progress review, and relapse prevention planning. The program was grounded in Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory, targeting mastery experience, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological/emotional states.
Behavioral: Self-Efficacy Program for Diabetes Self-Management
A structured group-based behavioral intervention grounded in Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory. The program consisted of four weekly sessions (60-90 minutes each) facilitated by a trained nurse researcher. Session 1 focused on diabetes knowledge enhancement and personal goal setting. Session 2 covered self-monitoring techniques and identifying barriers to self-care. Session 3 involved peer experience sharing and problem-solving strategies. Session 4 included review of progress, reinforcement of skills, and relapse prevention planning. The intervention targeted four sources of self-efficacy: mastery experience, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion, and physiological/emotional states.
No Intervention: Waiting-List Control Group
Participants at the control Puskesmas received usual care as routinely provided by the primary health center (Puskesmas). No additional intervention was given during the study period. Participants in this group were offered the self-efficacy program after data collection was completed.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Diabetes Self-Management
Time Frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and immediately post-intervention (after 4 weeks)
Measured using the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) questionnaire, which assesses self-care behaviors across five domains: general diet, specific diet, exercise, blood glucose testing, and foot care. Scores represent the number of days per week (0-7) participants performed each self-care activity.
Baseline (pre-intervention) and immediately post-intervention (after 4 weeks)
Diabetes Self-Efficacy
Time Frame: Baseline (pre-intervention) and immediately post-intervention (after 4 weeks)
Measured using the Diabetes Self-Efficacy Scale (DSES), which assesses participants' confidence in performing diabetes self-management tasks. The scale uses a Likert-type response format with higher scores indicating greater self-efficacy.
Baseline (pre-intervention) and immediately post-intervention (after 4 weeks)
Participants' Experiences with the Self-Efficacy Program
Time Frame: Post-intervention (after completion of the 4-week program)
Qualitative data collected through semi-structured interviews with a purposive subsample of intervention group participants. Interviews explored participants' perceptions, experiences, and perceived impact of the self-efficacy program on their diabetes self-management. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis.
Post-intervention (after completion of the 4-week program)

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Gadjah Mada University

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

September 14, 2019

Primary Completion (Actual)

October 22, 2019

Study Completion (Actual)

December 15, 2019

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

May 18, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

May 23, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

May 29, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

May 29, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

May 23, 2026

Last Verified

May 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • 6536/UN1/FPSi.1.3/SD/PT/2019

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

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