Health Belief Model-Based Breast Self-Examination Education in University Students

September 30, 2026 updated by: Esma Demirezen, Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa

The Effect of Health Belief Model-Based Breast Self-Examination Education on the Precaution Adoption Process Among University Students

This study aims to evaluate the effect of Health Belief Model-based breast self-examination education on the precaution adoption process among university students who have never performed breast self-examination. Participants are assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group receives Health Belief Model-based education on breast health and breast self-examination, while the control group does not receive this education during the study period. The study examines whether the educational intervention promotes progression through the stages of the Precaution Adoption Process Model and influences health beliefs related to breast self-examination.

Study Overview

Status

Active, not recruiting

Conditions

Intervention / Treatment

Study Type

Interventional

Enrollment (Actual)

110

Phase

  • Not Applicable

Contacts and Locations

This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.

Study Locations

  • Turkey (Türkiye)
    • Istanbul
      • Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey (Türkiye), 34403
        • Istanbul Atlas University

Participation Criteria

Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.

Eligibility Criteria

Ages Eligible for Study

  • Child
  • Adult
  • Older Adult

Accepts Healthy Volunteers

Yes

Genders Eligible for Study

Female

Description

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Female university students
  • Able to understand and communicate in Turkish
  • Voluntary participation in the study
  • Have never performed breast self-examination (BSE)

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Unable to understand or communicate in Turkish
  • Unwilling to participate in the study

Study Plan

This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.

How is the study designed?

Design Details

  • Primary Purpose: Prevention
  • Allocation: Randomized
  • Interventional Model: Parallel Assignment
  • Masking: None (Open Label)

Arms and Interventions

Participant Group / Arm
Intervention / Treatment
Experimental: Health Belief Model-Based Education Group

Participants in this arm receive Health Belief Model-based education on breast health and breast self-examination.
Behavioral: Health Belief Model-Based Breast Self-Examination Education

Participants in the intervention group receive Health Belief Model-based education on breast health and breast self-examination. The educational intervention is designed to improve health beliefs related to breast self-examination and facilitate progression through the stages of the Precaution Adoption Process Model.
No Intervention: Control Group

Participants in this arm do not receive the Health Belief Model-based breast self-examination education during the study period.

What is the study measuring?

Primary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Precaution Adoption Process Model Stage for Breast Self-Examination
Time Frame: Approximately 1 month after the intervention

The Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) is used to assess participants' stage of adoption of breast self-examination (BSE) approximately one month after the intervention. PAPM stage is assessed using a single-choice staging question adapted to BSE. Participants select the statement that best describes their current status regarding BSE and are classified into one of seven stages: (1) never performed BSE, (2) aware of BSE but has not considered it personally relevant or necessary, (3) undecided about performing BSE, (4) decided not to perform BSE, (5) decided to perform BSE but has not yet started, (6) started performing BSE within the last six months but does not yet perform it regularly, or (7) regularly performs BSE, defined as at least once per month during the last six months. The outcome is reported as the number and percentage of participants in each PAPM stage, and the distribution of stages is compared between the intervention and control groups.
Approximately 1 month after the intervention

Secondary Outcome Measures

Outcome Measure
Measure Description
Time Frame
Change in Health Beliefs Related to Breast Self-Examination Assessed Using the Champion Health Belief Model Scale
Time Frame: Baseline and approximately 1 month after the intervention

Health beliefs related to breast self-examination (BSE) are assessed using Karayurt's Turkish adaptation of the Champion Health Belief Model Scale. The scale consists of 42 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), and each subscale is scored separately. The subscales and possible score ranges are: susceptibility (3-15), seriousness (7-35), perceived benefits of BSE (4-20), perceived barriers to BSE (11-55), BSE self-efficacy/confidence (10-50), and health motivation (7-35). Higher scores indicate higher levels of the corresponding construct. Thus, higher susceptibility, seriousness, perceived benefits, self-efficacy/confidence, and health motivation scores indicate higher levels of these beliefs, whereas higher perceived barriers scores indicate greater perceived barriers to BSE. Changes in each subscale score from baseline to approximately one month after the intervention are compared between the intervention and control groups.
Baseline and approximately 1 month after the intervention

Collaborators and Investigators

This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.

Sponsor

Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa

Study record dates

These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.

Study Major Dates

Study Start (Actual)

February 18, 2026

Primary Completion (Estimated)

October 20, 2026

Study Completion (Estimated)

October 20, 2026

Study Registration Dates

First Submitted

September 24, 2026

First Submitted That Met QC Criteria

September 30, 2026

First Posted (Actual)

October 1, 2026

Study Record Updates

Last Update Posted (Actual)

October 1, 2026

Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria

September 30, 2026

Last Verified

September 1, 2026

More Information

Terms related to this study

Keywords

Additional Relevant MeSH Terms

Other Study ID Numbers

  • 2025/527

Plan for Individual participant data (IPD)

Plan to Share Individual Participant Data (IPD)?

NO

Drug and device information, study documents

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated drug product

No

Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated device product

No

This information was retrieved directly from the website clinicaltrials.gov without any changes. If you have any requests to change, remove or update your study details, please contact register@clinicaltrials.gov. As soon as a change is implemented on clinicaltrials.gov, this will be updated automatically on our website as well.

Subscribe