Low-VOLTage Area-Guided Catheter Ablation and SVC Isolation for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Using a Balloon-in-Basket Pulsed Field Ablation Catheter (LowVOLT-AF)

Inclusion criteria

Participants must meet all the following criteria:

1. Age ≥18 years
2. Persistent AF, defined as continuous AF lasting at least 7 days
3. Indication for catheter ablation according to the latest ESC guidelines
4. Written informed consent

Exclusion criteria

Participants will be excluded if any of the following criteria apply:

1. Inability or unwillingness to provide informed consent
2. Continuous AF duration duration of ≥2 years
3. Documented atrial tachycardia or atrial flutter
4. Previous left atrial catheter ablation or cardiac surgery
5. Planned cardiac surgery within the first 3 months after inclusion
6. History of heart transplantation, current listing for transplantation, or planned cardiac assist device implantation
7. Severe mitral or aortic valvular disease, according to the ESC guidelines
8. Platelet count <50,000 cells/mm³
9. Body mass index >45 kg/m² or <18 kg/m²
10. Untreated thyroid dysfunction (patients may be included once hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism is adequately treated)
11. Absolute contraindication to oral anticoagulation
12. Any comorbidity that limits life expectancy to <1 year
13. Active systemic infection (enrolment permitted after successful treatment)
14. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding
15. Women of childbearing potential not using highly effective contraception (PEARL Index <1%)
16. End-stage renal disease (GFR <15 ml/min/1.73 m2) or hepatic failure (Child Pugh C)
17. Acutely decompensated heart failure (NYHA IV), inclusion is possible only after stabilization to a NYHA functional status better than IV
18. Participation in another randomized controlled trial