Protein Supplementation Has Minimal Effects on Muscle Adaptations during Resistance Exercise Training in Young Men: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial

Paul T Reidy, Michael S Borack, Melissa M Markofski, Jared M Dickinson, Rachel R Deer, Syed H Husaini, Dillon K Walker, Sherry Igbinigie, Shay M Robertson, Mark B Cope, Ratna Mukherjea, Janine M Hall-Porter, Kristofer Jennings, Elena Volpi, Blake B Rasmussen, Paul T Reidy, Michael S Borack, Melissa M Markofski, Jared M Dickinson, Rachel R Deer, Syed H Husaini, Dillon K Walker, Sherry Igbinigie, Shay M Robertson, Mark B Cope, Ratna Mukherjea, Janine M Hall-Porter, Kristofer Jennings, Elena Volpi, Blake B Rasmussen

Abstract

Background: To our knowledge the efficacy of soy-dairy protein blend (PB) supplementation with resistance exercise training (RET) has not been evaluated in a longitudinal study.

Objective: Our aim was to determine the effect of PB supplementation during RET on muscle adaptation.

Methods: In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, healthy young men [18-30 y; BMI (in kg/m(2)): 25 ± 0.5] participated in supervised whole-body RET at 60-80% 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) for 3 d/wk for 12 wk with random assignment to daily receive 22 g PB (n = 23), whey protein (WP) isolate (n = 22), or an isocaloric maltodextrin (carbohydrate) placebo [(MDP) n = 23]. Serum testosterone, muscle strength, thigh muscle thickness (MT), myofiber cross-sectional area (mCSA), and lean body mass (LBM) were assessed before and after 6 and 12 wk of RET.

Results: All treatments increased LBM (P < 0.001). ANCOVA did not identify an overall treatment effect at 12 wk (P = 0.11). There tended to be a greater change in LBM from baseline to 12 wk in the PB group than in the MDP group (0.92 kg; 95% CI: -0.12, 1.95 kg; P = 0.09); however, changes in the WP and MDP groups did not differ. Pooling data from combined PB and WP treatments showed a trend for greater change in LBM from baseline to 12 wk compared with MDP treatment (0.69 kg; 95% CI: -0.08, 1.46 kg; P = 0.08). Muscle strength, mCSA, and MT increased (P < 0.05) similarly for all treatments and were not different (P > 0.10) between treatments. Testosterone was not altered.

Conclusions: PB supplementation during 3 mo of RET tended to slightly enhance gains in whole-body and arm LBM, but not leg muscle mass, compared with RET without protein supplementation. Although protein supplementation minimally enhanced gains in LBM of healthy young men, there was no enhancement of gains in strength. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01749189.

Keywords: animal proteins; function; milk proteins; muscle mass; plant protein; strength training; weight training.

Conflict of interest statement

2 Author disclosures: PT Reidy, MS Borack, MM Markofski, JM Dickinson, RR Deer, SH Husaini, DK Walker, S Igbinigie, SM Robertson, MB Cope, R Mukherjea, JM Hall-Porter, K Jennings, E Volpi, and BB Rasmussen, no conflicts of interest. MB Cope and R Mukherjea were not involved with the research or laboratory analysis. Representatives from DuPont Nutrition & Health were not involved with data collection or laboratory analysis; however, JM Hall-Porter from DuPont Nutrition & Health was involved with the statistical analysis.

© 2016 American Society for Nutrition.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) diagram of study recruitment, enrollment, randomization follow-up, and analysis. Eligible participants were randomly assigned to receive the protein blend, whey protein, or maltodextrin placebo treatment during 3 mo of progressive resistance training. Participants withdrew for personal or medical non–study-related reasons or were dropped if they met exclusion criteria.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius muscle thickness in healthy young men who received MDP, PB, or WP supplements during 12 wk of resistance exercise training. Values are means ± SEMs; n = 22 (MDP), n = 22 (WP), and n = 21 (PB). *Different from baseline, P < 0.05. MDP, maltodextrin placebo; PB, soy-dairy protein blend; WP, whey protein.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Absolute changes in whole-body lean mass in healthy young men who received MDP, PB, or WP supplements during 12 wk of resistance exercise training. Values are individual responses. Horizontal lines represent means ± SEMs; n = 18 (MDP), n = 22 (PB), and n = 18 (WP). The inset shows the percentage frequency of responses above the a priori 1.5-kg change threshold expected for a placebo response to resistance exercise training. In the inset, bars without a common letter differ (P < 0.05). MDP, maltodextrin placebo; PB, soy-dairy protein blend; PRO, pooled whey protein and protein blend; TRT, treatment; WP, whey protein.

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