Prediction of (Non)Participation of Older People in Digital Health Research: Exergame Intervention Study

Arianna Poli, Susanne Kelfve, Leonie Klompstra, Anna Strömberg, Tiny Jaarsma, Andreas Motel-Klingebiel, Arianna Poli, Susanne Kelfve, Leonie Klompstra, Anna Strömberg, Tiny Jaarsma, Andreas Motel-Klingebiel

Abstract

Background: The use of digital technologies is increasing in health care. However, studies evaluating digital health technologies can be characterized by selective nonparticipation of older people, although older people represent one of the main user groups of health care.

Objective: We examined whether and how participation in an exergame intervention study was associated with age, gender, and heart failure (HF) symptom severity.

Methods: A subset of data from the HF-Wii study was used. The data came from patients with HF in institutional settings in Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Selective nonparticipation was examined as resulting from two processes: (non)recruitment and self-selection. Baseline information on age, gender, and New York Heart Association Functional Classification of 1632 patients with HF were the predictor variables. These patients were screened for HF-Wii study participation. Reasons for nonparticipation were evaluated.

Results: Of the 1632 screened patients, 71% did not participate. The nonrecruitment rate was 21%, and based on the eligible sample, the refusal rate was 61%. Higher age was associated with lower probability of participation; it increased both the probabilities of not being recruited and declining to participate. More severe symptoms increased the likelihood of nonrecruitment. Gender had no effect. The most common reasons for nonrecruitment and self-selection were related to physical limitations and lack of time, respectively.

Conclusions: Results indicate that selective nonparticipation takes place in digital health research and that it is associated with age and symptom severity. Gender effects cannot be proven. Such systematic selection can lead to biased research results that inappropriately inform research, policy, and practice.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrial.gov NCT01785121, https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT01785121.

Keywords: exclusion; nonparticipation; recruitment; self-selection; technology.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: None declared.

©Arianna Poli, Susanne Kelfve, Leonie Klompstra, Anna Strömberg, Tiny Jaarsma, Andreas Motel-Klingebiel. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 05.06.2020.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Probability of being in one of the 3 recruitment groups (ie, nonrecruited, decliner, participant) based on heart failure symptom severity.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Probability of being in one of the 3 recruitment groups (ie, nonrecruited, decliner, participant) based on age.

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