Recommendations for mechanical ventilation of critically ill children from the Paediatric Mechanical Ventilation Consensus Conference (PEMVECC)

Martin C J Kneyber, Daniele de Luca, Edoardo Calderini, Pierre-Henri Jarreau, Etienne Javouhey, Jesus Lopez-Herce, Jürg Hammer, Duncan Macrae, Dick G Markhorst, Alberto Medina, Marti Pons-Odena, Fabrizio Racca, Gerhard Wolf, Paolo Biban, Joe Brierley, Peter C Rimensberger, section Respiratory Failure of the European Society for Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care, Martin C J Kneyber, Daniele de Luca, Edoardo Calderini, Pierre-Henri Jarreau, Etienne Javouhey, Jesus Lopez-Herce, Jürg Hammer, Duncan Macrae, Dick G Markhorst, Alberto Medina, Marti Pons-Odena, Fabrizio Racca, Gerhard Wolf, Paolo Biban, Joe Brierley, Peter C Rimensberger, section Respiratory Failure of the European Society for Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care

Abstract

Purpose: Much of the common practice in paediatric mechanical ventilation is based on personal experiences and what paediatric critical care practitioners have adopted from adult and neonatal experience. This presents a barrier to planning and interpretation of clinical trials on the use of specific and targeted interventions. We aim to establish a European consensus guideline on mechanical ventilation of critically children.

Methods: The European Society for Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care initiated a consensus conference of international European experts in paediatric mechanical ventilation to provide recommendations using the Research and Development/University of California, Los Angeles, appropriateness method. An electronic literature search in PubMed and EMBASE was performed using a combination of medical subject heading terms and text words related to mechanical ventilation and disease-specific terms.

Results: The Paediatric Mechanical Ventilation Consensus Conference (PEMVECC) consisted of a panel of 15 experts who developed and voted on 152 recommendations related to the following topics: (1) general recommendations, (2) monitoring, (3) targets of oxygenation and ventilation, (4) supportive measures, (5) weaning and extubation readiness, (6) normal lungs, (7) obstructive diseases, (8) restrictive diseases, (9) mixed diseases, (10) chronically ventilated patients, (11) cardiac patients and (12) lung hypoplasia syndromes. There were 142 (93.4%) recommendations with "strong agreement". The final iteration of the recommendations had none with equipoise or disagreement.

Conclusions: These recommendations should help to harmonise the approach to paediatric mechanical ventilation and can be proposed as a standard-of-care applicable in daily clinical practice and clinical research.

Keywords: Lung disease; Mechanical ventilation; Paediatrics; Physiology.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare the following conflicts of interest: M.K. received research funding from Stichting Beatrix Kinderziekenhuis, Fonds NutsOhra, ZonMW, UMC Groningen, TerMeulen Fonds/Royal Dutch Academy of Sciences and VU university medical center and serves as a consultant for and has received lecture fees from Vyaire. His institution received research technical support from Vyaire and Applied Biosignals. P.B. received honoraria from Abbvie, a travel grant from Maquet and served on an advisory board for Masimo. F.R. received consultancy fees from Vitalaire and Philips Respironics. P.R. received travel support from, Maquet, Acutronic, Nycomed, Philips, to run international teaching courses on mechanical ventilation. His institution received funding from Maquet, SLE, Stephan (unrestricted funding for clinical research) and from the European Union’s Framework Programme for Research and Innovation Horizon2020 (CRADL, Grant no. 668259). M.P. received honoraria from Air-liquide Healthcare and served as speaker for Fisher & Paykel and ResMed. His institution received disposable materials from Philips, ResMed and Fisher & Paykel. D.d.L. has received travel grants from Acutronic, consultancy fees from Vyaire and Acutronic and research technical support from Vyaire and Acutronic. P.-H.J. received consultancy fees from Air Liquide Medical System (finished in 2013), Abbvie as member of the French Board of Neonatologists, and punctual fees from CHIESI France for oral presentations. G.W., D.M., A.M., J.H., E.J., E.C., J.B. and J.L.H. have no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Graphical simplification of the gaps in knowledge regarding paediatric mechanical ventilation as a function of disease trajectory when the patient is getting worse or is getting better
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Graphical simplification of the recommendations on “ventilator mode”, “setting the ventilator” and “supportive measures” in the context of healthy lungs, obstructive airway, restrictive and mixed disease. It is also applicable for cardiac patients, patients with congenital of chronic disease and patients with lung hypoplasia syndromes. The colour gradient denotes increasing applicability of a specific consideration with increasing disease severity. Absence of the colour gradient indicates that there is no relationship with disease severity. The question mark associated with specific interventions highlights the uncertainties because of the lack of paediatric data. HFNC high flow nasal cannula, CPAP continuous positive airway pressure, NIV non-invasive ventilation, PIP peak inspiratory pressure, Pplat plateau pressure, Vt tidal volume, PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure, HFOV high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, ECLS extra-corporeal life support, NMB neuromuscular blockade
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Graphical simplification of the recommendations on “monitoring” in the context of healthy lungs, obstructive airway, restrictive and mixed disease. It is also applicable for cardiac patients, patients with congenital of chronic disease and patients with lung hypoplasia syndromes. The colour gradient denotes increasing applicability of a specific consideration with increasing disease severity. Absence of the colour gradient indicates that there is no relationship with disease severity. The question mark associated with specific interventions highlights the uncertainties because of the lack of paediatric data. PIP peak inspiratory pressure, Pplat plateau pressure, Vt tidal volume, PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure, mPaw mean airway pressure, SvO2 venous oxygen saturation
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Graphical simplification of the recommendations on “targets of oxygenation and ventilation” in the context of healthy lungs, obstructive airway, restrictive and mixed disease. It is also applicable for cardiac patients, patients with congenital of chronic disease and patients with lung hypoplasia syndromes. The colour gradient denotes increasing applicability of a specific consideration with increasing disease severity. Absence of the colour gradient indicates that there is no relationship with disease severity. The question mark associated with specific interventions highlights the uncertainties because of the lack of paediatric data. PALICC pediatric acute lung injury consensus conference

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