The Process-Outcome Mindfulness Effects in Trainees (PrOMET) study: protocol of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial

Johannes Mander, Paula Kröger, Thomas Heidenreich, Christoph Flückiger, Wolfgang Lutz, Hinrich Bents, Sven Barnow, Johannes Mander, Paula Kröger, Thomas Heidenreich, Christoph Flückiger, Wolfgang Lutz, Hinrich Bents, Sven Barnow

Abstract

Background: Mindfulness has its origins in an Eastern Buddhist tradition that is over 2500 years old and can be defined as a specific form of attention that is non-judgmental, purposeful, and focused on the present moment. It has been well established in cognitive-behavior therapy in the last decades, while it has been investigated in manualized group settings such as mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. However, there is scarce research evidence on the effects of mindfulness as a treatment element in individual therapy. Consequently, the demand to investigate mindfulness under effectiveness conditions in trainee therapists has been highlighted.

Methods/design: To fill in this research gap, we designed the PrOMET Study. In our study, we will investigate the effects of brief, audiotape-presented, session-introducing interventions with mindfulness elements conducted by trainee therapists and their patients at the beginning of individual therapy sessions in a prospective, randomized, controlled design under naturalistic conditions with a total of 30 trainee therapists and 150 patients with depression and anxiety disorders in a large outpatient training center. We hypothesize that the primary outcomes of the session-introducing intervention with mindfulness elements will be positive effects on therapeutic alliance (Working Alliance Inventory) and general clinical symptomatology (Brief Symptom Checklist) in contrast to the session-introducing progressive muscle relaxation and treatment-as-usual control conditions. Treatment duration is 25 therapy sessions. Therapeutic alliance will be assessed on a session-to-session basis. Clinical symptomatology will be assessed at baseline, session 5, 15 and 25. We will conduct multilevel modeling to address the nested data structure. The secondary outcome measures include depression, anxiety, interpersonal functioning, mindful awareness, and mindfulness during the sessions.

Discussion: The study results could provide important practical implications because they could inform ideas on how to improve the clinical training of psychotherapists that could be implemented very easily; this is because there is no need for complex infrastructures or additional time concerning these brief session-introducing interventions with mindfulness elements that are directly implemented in the treatment sessions.

Trial registration: From ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT02270073 (registered October 6, 2014).

Keywords: Mindfulness; Multilevel models; Psychotherapy; Randomized controlled trial; Therapeutic alliance.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Study design and measurement time points (CONSORT chart). BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory; BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory II; BSCL = Brief Symptom Checklist; DPCCQ = Development of Psychotherapists Common Core Questionnaire; GAF = Global Assessment of Functioning; IIP-32 = Inventory of Interpersonal Problems; KIMS = Kentucky Inventory of Mindfulness Skills; PQ-M = Practice Quality-Mindfulness; SACiP = Scale for the Multiperspective Assessment of General Change Mechanisms in Psychotherapy; SCID = Structured Clinical Interview for DSM; TPI = Therapeutic Presence Inventory; WAI-SR = Working Alliance Inventory-Short Revised; CPP = Center for Psychological Psychotherapy
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Study design from the participant’s point of view

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