Serum glucose concentration in the different experimental groups (vertical panels, A(i)-A(iv)) and corresponding
serum insulin concentration (B(i)-(iv)) in fasted (ZT22-ZT38) and refed animals (1 hour after glucose intraperitoneal injection (1mg/g BW) at ZT37). For each condition, 4-10 mice were analyzed.
Glucose tolerance tests (GTT) in the different experimental groups and corresponding
area under the curve (AUC). 8 mice per group were analyzed. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. t-test, *p
A. Time on an accelerated rotarod (n=6 mice per group).
B. Time on a treadmill during a run-to-exhaustion assay. Each dot represents one mouse.
C. Schematic (i) and qPCR analysis of lipid metabolism genes
Acaca,
Fasn,
Ppgc1a,
Pparg,
Pcx,
Elovl3,
Elovl5 mRNA expression in BAT (ii), eWAT (iii), and liver (iv). N= pool of 6-8 samples per group.
D. qPCR analysis of hepatic mRNA expression of the glucose metabolism pathway genes
gck,
g6pase,
pcx. Results are shown as pooled throughout a circadian time-course or as a double-plotted temporal profile. N= pool of 12 samples per group for pooled data or two mice per time point for temporal profile.
E. Representative scans (top) of western blots showing the temporal expression (total S6) and activation (phospho-Serine 235/236) profiles of the ribosomal protein S6 in muscle (i) and liver (ii). Level of phospho-S6 were quantified using ImageJ from two independent mice per time-point and double plotted (bottom panels). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. t-tests, *p
Figure 6. Quantitative and temporal changes in…
Figure 6. Quantitative and temporal changes in the serum metabolome reflect the whole-body beneficial effect…
Figure 6. Quantitative and temporal changes in the serum metabolome reflect the whole-body beneficial effect of time-restricted feeding A. Heatmap representation of 114 metabolites that exhibit a statistically significantly change (p<0.05) between the super group “TRF fed mice” (NTT, FTT, FAT) and the group “ALF fed mice” (FAA). Lighting regimen is depicted in black and yellow and food access in green. B. Serum abundance (median normalized) of (i) carnosine, (ii) pro-inflammatory lipids arachidonate (AA) and docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 n6) (n6DPA), and (iii) sterol pathway and bile acid pathway components campesterol, cholestanol, cholesterol, corticosterone, taurocholate, and taurochenodeoxycholate. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. t-tests, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 as indicated. C. Venn diagram representation of 24-hour rhythmic serum metabolites identified by JTK_CYCLE (t<0.05) (Hughes et al., 2010). D. Temporal abundance profiles of serum metabolites belonging to the indicated amino acid pathway.
Figure 7. Time-restricted feeding restores cholesterol homeostasis
Figure 7. Time-restricted feeding restores cholesterol homeostasis
A. Serum cholesterol concentration in the different feeding…
Figure 7. Time-restricted feeding restores cholesterol homeostasis A. Serum cholesterol concentration in the different feeding groups. The number of mice (n) analyzed per group was (i) n=10, and (ii-iv) n=6. B. (i) Schematic and (ii) hepatic qPCR analysis of cholesterol and bile acids metabolism enzymes Sqle, Dhcr7, Cyp7a1 and Cyp7b1. Data are shown as a double-plot showing the temporal expression profile at different times of the day (n=2 mice per time point per group). C. Representative western blots depicting the protein temporal expression profile (upper band) and activation profile (shorter cleaved form) of the sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) in the liver. Level of active SREBP (cleaved short form) was quantified using ImageJ from two independent mice per time-point and double plotted (right panel). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p
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