Spondyloarthritis, Acute Anterior Uveitis, and Fungi: Updating the Catterall-King Hypothesis

Martin Laurence, Mark Asquith, James T Rosenbaum, Martin Laurence, Mark Asquith, James T Rosenbaum

Abstract

Spondyloarthritis is a common type of arthritis which affects mostly adults. It consists of idiopathic chronic inflammation of the spine, joints, eyes, skin, gut, and prostate. Inflammation is often asymptomatic, especially in the gut and prostate. The HLA-B*27 allele group, which presents intracellular peptides to CD8+ T cells, is by far the strongest risk factor for spondyloarthritis. The precise mechanisms and antigens remain unknown. In 1959, Catterall and King advanced a novel hypothesis explaining the etiology of spondyloarthritis: an as-yet-unrecognized sexually acquired microbe would be causing all spondyloarthritis types, including acute anterior uveitis. Recent studies suggest an unrecognized sexually acquired fungal infection may be involved in prostate cancer and perhaps multiple sclerosis. This warrants reanalyzing the Catterall-King hypothesis based on the current literature. In the last decade, many links between spondyloarthritis and fungal infections have been found. Antibodies against the fungal cell wall component mannan are elevated in spondyloarthritis. Functional polymorphisms in genes regulating the innate immune response against fungi have been associated with spondyloarthritis (CARD9 and IL23R). Psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease, two common comorbidities of spondyloarthritis, are both strongly associated with fungi. Evidence reviewed here lends credence to the Catterall-King hypothesis and implicates a common fungal etiology in prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and spondyloarthritis. However, the evidence available at this time is insufficient to definitely confirm this hypothesis. Future studies investigating the microbiome in relation to these conditions should screen specimens for fungi in addition to bacteria. Future clinical studies of spondyloarthritis should consider antifungals which are effective in psoriasis and multiple sclerosis, such as dimethyl fumarate and nystatin.

Keywords: acute anterior uveitis; ankylosing spondylitis; fungal infections; reactive arthritis; spondyloarthritis.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Proposed mechanism for HLA-B*27 in spondyloarthritis. HLA-B*27 would efficiently bind to a peptide from an abundant protein present in or on an intracellular fungus, and then present this peptide to CD8+ T cells on the infected host cell’s surface. In this example, a peptide from a fungal cell wall mannoprotein is presented to a CD8+ T cell. Cell wall mannoproteins are good antigen candidates due to their abundance, though presentation of peptides from other fungal proteins is also plausible.

References

    1. Schlosstein L, Terasaki PI, Bluestone R, Pearson CM. High association of an HL-A antigen, W27, with ankylosing spondylitis. N Engl J Med (1973) 288(14):704–6.10.1056/NEJM197304052881403
    1. Brewerton D, Hart F, Nicholls A, Caffrey M, James D, Sturrock R. Ankylosing spondylitis and HL-A 27. Lancet (1973) 301(7809):904–7.10.1016/S0140-6736(73)91360-3
    1. Rosenbaum JT. Why HLA-B27? My thirty-year quest the Friedenwald lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (2011) 52(10):7712–5.10.1167/iovs.11-8247
    1. Sutcliffe S, De Marzo AM, Sfanos KS, Laurence M. MSMB variation and prostate cancer risk: clues towards a possible fungal etiology. Prostate (2014) 74(6):569–78.10.1002/pros.22778
    1. Benito-Leon J, Laurence M. The role of fungi in the etiology of multiple sclerosis. Front Neurosci (2017) 8:535.10.3389/fneur.2017.00535
    1. Rosenblatt KA, Wicklund KG, Stanford JL. Sexual factors and the risk of prostate cancer. Am J Epidemiol (2001) 153(12):1152–8.10.1093/aje/153.12.1152
    1. Dennis LK, Dawson DV. Meta-analysis of measures of sexual activity and prostate cancer. Epidemiology (2002) 13(1):72–9.10.1097/00001648-200201000-00012
    1. Taylor ML, Mainous AG, III, Wells BJ. Prostate cancer and sexually transmitted diseases: a meta-analysis. Fam Med (2005) 37(7):506–12.
    1. Hawkes CH, Giovannoni G, Keir G, Cunnington M, Thompson EJ. Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand (2006) 114(6):363–7.10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00677.x
    1. Ferrante P, Castellani P, Barbi M, Bergamini F. The Italian Cooperative Multiple Sclerosis case-control study: preliminary results on viral antibodies. Ital J Neurol Sci (1987) 6:45–50.
    1. Wandinger K, Jabs W, Siekhaus A, Bubel S, Trillenberg P, Wagner H, et al. Association between clinical disease activity and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in MS. Neurology (2000) 55(2):178–84.10.1212/WNL.55.2.178
    1. Catalano LW. Herpesvirus hominis antibody in multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology (1972) 22(5):473–473.10.1212/WNL.22.5.473
    1. Strickler HD, Goedert JJ. Sexual behavior and evidence for an infectious cause of prostate cancer. Epidemiol Rev (2001) 23(1):144–51.10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a000781
    1. Hawkes CH. Is multiple sclerosis a sexually transmitted infection? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry (2002) 73(4):439–43.10.1136/jnnp.73.4.439
    1. Stott-Miller M, Wright JL, Stanford JL. MSMB gene variant alters the association between prostate cancer and number of sexual partners. Prostate (2013) 73(16):1803–9.10.1002/pros.22719
    1. Maillet J, Ottaviani S, Tubach F, Roy C, Nicaise-Rolland P, Palazzo E, et al. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) in spondyloarthritis: prevalence and associated phenotype. Joint Bone Spine (2016) 83(6):665–8.10.1016/j.jbspin.2015.10.011
    1. Hoarau G, Mukherjee P, Gower-Rousseau C, Hager C, Chandra J, Retuerto M, et al. Bacteriome and mycobiome interactions underscore microbial dysbiosis in familial Crohn’s disease. mBio (2016) 7(5):e1250–1216.10.1128/mBio.01250-16
    1. Sokol H, Leducq V, Aschard H, Pham H-P, Jegou S, Landman C, et al. Fungal microbiota dysbiosis in IBD. Gut (2016) 66(6):1039–48.10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310746
    1. Waldman A, Gilhar A, Duek L, Berdicevsky I. Incidence of Candida in psoriasis – a study on the fungal flora of psoriatic patients. Mycoses (2001) 44(3–4):77–81.10.1046/j.1439-0507.2001.00608.x
    1. Kanda N, Tani K, Enomoto U, Nakai K, Watanabe S. The skin fungus-induced Th1-and Th2-related cytokine, chemokine and prostaglandin E2 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris. Clin Exp Allergy (2002) 32(8):1243–50.10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.01459.x
    1. Taylor-Robinson D, Keat A. Observations on Chlamydia trachomatis and other microbes in reactive arthritis. Int J STD AIDS (2015) 26(3):139–44.10.1177/0956462414533319
    1. Butrimiene I, Ranceva J, Griskevicius A. Potential triggering infections of reactive arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol (2006) 35(6):459–62.10.1080/03009740600906750
    1. Ciurea A, Scherer A, Weber U, Neuenschwander R, Tamborrini G, Exer P, et al. Age at symptom onset in ankylosing spondylitis: is there a gender difference? Ann Rheum Dis (2014) 73(10):1908–10.10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205613
    1. Feldtkeller E, Khan MA, van der Heijde D, van der Linden S, Braun J. Age at disease onset and diagnosis delay in HLA-B27 negative vs. positive patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatol Int (2003) 23(2):61–6.10.1007/s00296-002-0237-4
    1. PHE. Sexually Transmitted Infections and Chlamydia Screening in England, 2015. HPR 10(22) Advance Access report (2016). Available from: (Accessed: December 7, 2016).
    1. King A. Non-gonococcal urethritis and trichomoniasis in the male. Urol Int (1959) 9(3–6):127–45.10.1159/000277449
    1. Catterall R, Perkins ES. Uveitis and urogenital disease in the male. Br J Ophthalmol (1961) 45(2):109.10.1136/bjo.45.2.109
    1. Catterall R. Significance of non-specific genital infection in uveitis and arthritis. Lancet (1961) 278(7205):739–42.10.1016/S0140-6736(61)90688-2
    1. Harkness A. Reiter’s disease. Br J Vener Dis (1949) 25(4):185.
    1. Csonka G. Reiter’s syndrome. Ergebnisse der inneren Medizin und Kinderheilkunde. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; (1965). p. 125–89.10.1007/978-3-642-94912-8_4
    1. Gillespie CW, Manhart LE, Lowens MS, Golden MR. Asymptomatic urethritis is common and is associated with characteristics that suggest sexually transmitted etiology. Sex Transm Dis (2013) 40(3):271–4.10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31827c9e42
    1. Wetmore CM, Manhart LE, Lowens MS, Golden MR, Whittington WL, Xet-Mull AM, et al. Demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics of men with nongonococcal urethritis differ by etiology: a case-comparison study. Sex Transm Dis (2011) 38(3):180–6.10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3182040de9
    1. Csonka GW. The course of Reiter’s syndrome. Br Med J (1958) 1(5079):1088.10.1136/bmj.1.5079.1088
    1. Hall WH, Finegold S. A study of 23 cases of Reiter’s syndrome. Ann Intern Med (1953) 38(3):533–50.10.7326/0003-4819-38-3-533
    1. Ford DK, Rasmussen G. Relationships between genitourinary infection and complicating arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol (1964) 7(3):220–7.10.1002/art.1780070305
    1. Kvien T, Glennås A, Melby K, Granfors K, Andrup O, Karstensen B, et al. Reactive arthritis: incidence, triggering agents and clinical presentation. J Rheumatol (1994) 21(1):115–22.
    1. Valtonen V, Leirisalo M, Pentikäinen P, Räsänen T, Seppälä I, Larinkari U, et al. Triggering infections in reactive arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis (1985) 44(6):399–405.10.1136/ard.44.6.399
    1. Söderlin MK, Kautiainen H, Puolakkainen M, Hedman K, Söderlund-Venermo M, Skogh T, et al. Infections preceding early arthritis in southern Sweden: a prospective population-based study. J Rheumatol (2003) 30(3):459–64.
    1. Csonka G. Recurrent attacks in Reiter’s disease. Arthritis Rheumatol (1960) 3(2):164–9.10.1002/art.1780030208
    1. Noer HR. An experimental epidemic of Reiter’s syndrome. JAMA (1966) 198(7):693–8.10.1001/jama.198.7.693
    1. Visher J. Chronic prostatitis: its role in etiology of sacroiliac and spinal arthritis. Med J (1929) 130:214–5.
    1. Domeij B, Giertz G, Olhagen B, Romanus R. Genitourinary focus in rheumatic disorder in the male. Acta Chir Scand (1958) 115(1–2):1.
    1. Mason RM, Murray RS, Oates JK, Young AC. Prostatitis and ankylosing spondylitis. Br Med J (1958) 1(5073):748–51.10.1136/bmj.1.5073.748
    1. Weinberger H, Dienes L, Bauer W. Clinical features and bacteriological studies in Reiter’s syndrome. Rheumatic Diseases, American Rheumatism Association. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co. (1952). p. 73: –7.
    1. Romanus R. Pelvo-spondylitis ossificans in the male and genitourinary infection. Acta Med Scand (1953) 145(S280):178–241.10.1111/j.0954-6820.1953.tb17256.x
    1. Oates J. Incidence of genital infection in male patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Br J Vener Dis (1959) 35(2):89.
    1. Olhagen B. Chronic uro-polyarthritis in the male. Acta Med Scand (1960) 168(4):339–45.10.1111/j.0954-6820.1960.tb13455.x
    1. Anonymous. Editorial: ankylosing spondylitis and urogenital infection. Br Med J (1960) 1(5176):865–6.10.1136/bmj.1.5176.865
    1. Catterall R. Incidence of chronic genital infection in male patients with uveitis: a preliminary report. Br J Vener Dis (1958) 34(4):254.
    1. Benedict WL, Von Lackum WH, Nickel AA. The pelvic organs as foci of infection in inflammatory diseases of the eye. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc (1926) 24:145.
    1. Von Lackum WH. Clinical and experimental data on prostatic infection. J Urol (1927) 18(3):293–306.10.1016/S0022-5347(17)73283-1
    1. Zentmayer W. The prostate as a remote focus of infection in ocular inflammations. J Am Med Assoc (1926) 87(15):1172–6.10.1001/jama.1926.02680150006002
    1. Pelouze P. Ophthalmologic importance of focal infective prostatitis. Arch Ophthalmol (1932) 7(3):372–7.10.1001/archopht.1932.00820100026004
    1. Kretschmer H, Berkey H, Heckel M, Ockuly E. Chronic prostatitis: a critical review of 1,000 cases. Ill Med J (1937) 71:151–61.
    1. Wright V, Reed WB. The link between Reiter’s syndrome and psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis (1964) 23(1):12.10.1136/ard.23.1.12
    1. Perkins E. Uveitis in B27-related disease. Ann Rheum Dis (1979) 38(Suppl 1):92.10.1136/ard.38.Suppl_1.92
    1. Dark A, Morton R. Acute anterior uveitis in men. Association with chronic prostatitis. Br J Ophthalmol (1968) 52(12):907.10.1136/bjo.52.12.907
    1. Costantino F, Talpin A, Said-Nahal R, Goldberg M, Henny J, Chiocchia G, et al. Prevalence of spondyloarthritis in reference to HLA-B27 in the French population: results of the GAZEL cohort. Ann Rheum Dis (2015) 74(4):689–93.10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204436
    1. Brown MA, Pile KD, Kennedy LG, Calin A, Darke C, Bell J, et al. HLA class I associations of ankylosing spondylitis in the white population in the United Kingdom. Ann Rheum Dis (1996) 55(4):268–70.10.1136/ard.55.4.268
    1. I. G. o. A. S. Consortium. Identification of multiple risk variants for ankylosing spondylitis through high-density genotyping of immune-related loci. Nat Genet (2013) 45(7):730–8.10.1038/ng.2667
    1. Linssen A, Rothova A, Valkenburg H, Dekker-Saeys A, Luyendijk L, Kijlstra A, et al. The lifetime cumulative incidence of acute anterior uveitis in a normal population and its relation to ankylosing spondylitis and histocompatibility antigen HLA-B27. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (1991) 32(9):2568–78.
    1. Evans DM, Spencer CC, Pointon JJ, Su Z, Harvey D, Kochan G, et al. Interaction between ERAP1 and HLA-B27 in ankylosing spondylitis implicates peptide handling in the mechanism for HLA-B27 in disease susceptibility. Nat Genet (2011) 43(8):761–7.10.1038/ng.873
    1. Dupuy AK, David MS, Li L, Heider TN, Peterson JD, Montano EA, et al. Redefining the human oral mycobiome with improved practices in amplicon-based taxonomy: discovery of Malassezia as a prominent commensal. PLoS One (2014) 9(3):e90899.10.1371/journal.pone.0090899
    1. Mayser P, Schütz M, Schuppe HC, Jung A, Schill WB. Frequency and spectrum of Malassezia yeasts in the area of the prepuce and glans penis. BJU Int (2001) 88(6):554–8.10.1046/j.1464-410X.2001.02375.x
    1. Findley K, Oh J, Yang J, Conlan S, Deming C, Meyer JA, et al. Topographic diversity of fungal and bacterial communities in human skin. Nature (2013) 498:367–70.10.1038/nature12171
    1. Haarr M. Rheumatic iridocyclitis. Acta Ophthalmol (1960) 38(1):37–45.10.1111/j.1755-3768.1960.tb00176.x
    1. Liang Y, Wen H, Xiao R. Serum levels of antibodies for IgG, IgA, and IgM against the fungi antigen in psoriasis vulgaris. Bull Hunan Med Univ (2003) 28(6):638–40.
    1. Squiquera L, Galimberti R, Morelli L, Plotkin L, Milicich R, Kowalckzuk A, et al. Antibodies to proteins from Pityrosporum ovale in the sera from patients with psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol (1994) 19(4):289–93.10.1111/j.1365-2230.1994.tb01197.x
    1. Tsoi LC, Spain SL, Knight J, Ellinghaus E, Stuart PE, Capon F, et al. Identification of 15 new psoriasis susceptibility loci highlights the role of innate immunity. Nat Genet (2012) 44(12):1341–8.10.1038/ng.2467
    1. Dotan I, Fishman S, Dgani Y, Schwartz M, Karban A, Lerner A, et al. Antibodies against laminaribioside and chitobioside are novel serologic markers in Crohn’s disease. Gastroenterology (2006) 131(2):366–78.10.1053/j.gastro.2006.04.030
    1. Suhr MJ, Banjara N, Hallen-Adams HE. Sequence-based methods for detecting and evaluating the human gut mycobiome. Lett Appl Microbiol (2016) 62(3):209–15.10.1111/lam.12539
    1. Franke A, McGovern DP, Barrett JC, Wang K, Radford-Smith GL, Ahmad T, et al. Genome-wide meta-analysis increases to 71 the number of confirmed Crohn’s disease susceptibility loci. Nat Genet (2010) 42(12):1118–25.10.1038/ng.717
    1. Castro-Santos P, Moro-García MA, Marcos-Fernández R, Alonso-Arias R, Díaz-Peña R. ERAP1 and HLA-C interaction in inflammatory bowel disease in the Spanish population. Innate Immun (2017) 23(5):476–81.10.1177/1753425917716527
    1. Uhlén M, Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Lindskog C, Oksvold P, Mardinoglu A, et al. Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science (2015) 347(6220):1260419.10.1126/science.1260419
    1. Husby G, Tsuchiya N, Schwimmbeck PL, Keat A, Pahle JA, Oldstone M, et al. Cross-reactive epitope with Klebsiella pneumoniae nitrogenase in articular tissue of HLA–B27+ patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheumatol (1989) 32(4):437–45.10.1002/anr.1780320413
    1. Hannu T. Reactive arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol (2011) 25(3):347–57.10.1016/j.berh.2011.01.018
    1. Hughes RA, Keat AC. Reiter’s syndrome and reactive arthritis: a current view. Semin Arthritis Rheum (1994) 23:190–210.10.1016/0049-0172(94)90075-2
    1. Sibilia J, Limbach FX. Reactive arthritis or chronic infectious arthritis? Ann Rheum Dis (2002) 61(7):580–7.10.1136/ard.61.7.580
    1. Uotila T, Antonen J, Laine J, Kujansuu E, Haapala A, Lumio J, et al. Reactive arthritis in a population exposed to an extensive waterborne gastroenteritis outbreak after sewage contamination in Pirkanmaa, Finland. Scand J Rheumatol (2011) 40(5):358–62.10.3109/03009742.2011.562533
    1. Harkness A. Non-gonococcal urethritis. Br J Vener Dis (1933) 9(3):173.
    1. Thompson SE, Washington AE. Epidemiology of sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Epidemiol Rev (1983) 5:96.10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036266
    1. Keat A, Thomas BJ, Taylor-Robinson D. Chlamydial infection in the aetiology of arthritis. Br Med Bull (1983) 39(2):168–74.10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071811
    1. Ostaszewska-Puchalska I, Zdrodowska-Stefanow B, Kuryliszyn-Moskal A, Bułhak-Kozioł V, Sokołowska M. Incidence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in patients with reactive arthritis. Reumatologia (2015) 53(2):69.10.5114/reum.2015.51505
    1. Kinsella T, Norton W, Ziff M. Complement-fixing antibodies to bedsonia organisms in Reiter’s syndrome and ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis (1968) 27(3):241.10.1136/ard.27.3.241
    1. Ford D. Non-gonococcal urethritis and Reiter’s syndrome: personal experience with etiological studies during 15 years. Can Med Assoc J (1968) 99(18):900.
    1. Keat A, Maini R, Nkwazi G, Pegrum G, Ridgway G, Scott J. Role of Chlamydia trachomatis and HLA-B27 in sexually acquired reactive arthritis. Br Med J (1978) 1(6113):605–7.10.1136/bmj.1.6113.605
    1. Rich E, Hook EW, Alarcón GS, Moreland LW. Reactive arthritis in patients attending an urban sexually transmitted diseases clinic. Arthritis Rheumatol (1996) 39(7):1172–7.10.1002/art.1780390715
    1. Van Duynhoven Y, Van De Laar M, Schop W, Mouton J, Van der Meijden W, Sprenger M. Different demographic and sexual correlates for chlamydial infection and gonorrhoea in Rotterdam. Int J Epidemiol (1997) 26(6):1373–85.10.1093/ije/26.6.1373
    1. Satterwhite CL, Torrone E, Meites E, Dunne EF, Mahajan R, Ocfemia MCB, et al. Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008. Sex Transm Dis (2013) 40(3):187–93.10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318286bb53
    1. Clad A, Freidank H, Kunze M, Schnoeckel U, Hofmeier S, Flecken U, et al. Detection of seroconversion and persistence of Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies in five different serological tests. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis (2000) 19(12):932–7.10.1007/s100960000397
    1. Rashid T, Ebringer A. Ankylosing spondylitis is linked to Klebsiella – the evidence. Clin Rheumatol (2007) 26(6):858–64.10.1007/s10067-006-0488-7
    1. Ebringer R, Cawdell D, Cowling P, Ebringer A. Sequential studies in ankylosing spondylitis. Association of Klebsiella pneumoniae with active disease. Ann Rheum Dis (1978) 37(2):146–51.10.1136/ard.37.2.146
    1. White L, McCoy R, Tait B, Ebringer R. A search for gram-negative enteric micro-organisms in acute anterior uveitis: association of klebsiella with recent onset of disease, HLA-B27, and B7 CREG. Br J Ophthalmol (1984) 68(10):750–5.10.1136/bjo.68.10.750
    1. Smith G, Blackwell C, Nuki G. Faecal flora in spondyloarthropathy. Br J Rheumatol (1997) 36(8):850–4.10.1093/rheumatology/36.8.850
    1. Park H, Schumacher H, Zeiger A, Rosenbaum J. Antibodies to peptidoglycan in patients with spondylarthritis: a clue to disease aetiology? Ann Rheum Dis (1984) 43(5):725–8.10.1136/ard.43.5.725
    1. Rahman M, Ahmed S, Schumacher H, Zeiger A. High levels of antipeptidoglycan antibodies in psoriatic and other seronegative arthritides. J Rheumatol (1990) 17(5):621–5.
    1. Schiefer HG, Weidner W, Krauss H, Gerhardt U, Schmidt KL. Rheumatoid factor-negative arthritis, especially ankylosing spondylitis, and infections of the male urogenital tract. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A (1983) 255(4):511–7.
    1. Van der Paardt M, van Denderen J, van den Brule A, Morré S, van der Horst-Bruinsma I, Bezemer P, et al. Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis in urine of male patients with ankylosing spondylitis is not increased. Ann Rheum Dis (2000) 59(4):300–2.10.1136/ard.59.4.300
    1. Lange U, Berliner M, Ludwig M, Schiefer H, Teichmann J, Weidner W, et al. Ankylosing spondylitis and infections of the female urogenital tract. Rheumatol Int (1998) 17(5):181–4.10.1007/s002960050031
    1. Csango P, Upsahl M, Romberg Ø, Kornstad L, Sarov I. Chlamydia trachomatis serology in ankylosing spondylitis. Clin Rheumatol (1987) 6(3):384–90.10.1007/BF02206837
    1. Savolainen E, Kettunen A, Närvänen A, Kautiainen H, Kärkkäinen U, Luosujärvi R, et al. Prevalence of antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis and incidence of C. trachomatis-induced reactive arthritis in an early arthritis series in Finland in 2000. Scand J Rheumatol (2009) 38(5):353–6.10.1080/03009740902769559
    1. Hoffman I, Demetter P, Peeters M, De Vos M, Mielants H, Veys EM, et al. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae IgA antibodies are raised in ankylosing spondylitis and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy. Ann Rheum Dis (2003) 62(5):455–9.10.1136/ard.62.5.455
    1. Török H-P, Glas J, Gruber R, Brumberger V, Strasser C, Kellner H, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease-specific autoantibodies in HLA-B27-associated spondyloarthropathies: increased prevalence of ASCA and pANCA. Digestion (2004) 70(1):49–54.10.1159/000080081
    1. Aydin S, Atagunduz P, Temel M, Bicakcigil M, Tasan D, Direskeneli H. Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) in spondyloarthropathies: a reassessment. Rheumatology (2008) 47(2):142–4.10.1093/rheumatology/kem324
    1. Mundwiler ML, Mei L, Landers CJ, Reveille JD, Targan S, Weisman MH. Inflammatory bowel disease serologies in ankylosing spondylitis patients: a pilot study. Arthritis Res Ther (2009) 11(6):R177.10.1186/ar2866
    1. Riente L, Chimenti D, Pratesi F, Delle Sedie A, Tommasi S, Tommasi C, et al. Antibodies to tissue transglutaminase and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol (2004) 31(5):920–4.
    1. Huhtinen M, Laasila K, Granfors K, Puolakkainen M, Seppälä I, Laasonen L, et al. Infectious background of patients with a history of acute anterior uveitis. Ann Rheum Dis (2002) 61(11):1012–6.10.1136/ard.61.11.1012
    1. Onal S, Kazokoglu H, Incili B, Demiralp EE, Yavuz S. Prevalence and levels of serum antibodies to gram negative microorganisms in Turkish patients with HLA-B27 positive acute anterior uveitis and controls. Ocul Immunol Inflamm (2006) 14(5):293–9.10.1080/09273940600977241
    1. Brown MA, Kennedy LG, MacGregor AJ, Darke C, Duncan E, Shatford JL, et al. Susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis in twins: the role of genes, HLA, and the environment. Arthritis Rheum (1997) 40(10):1823–8.10.1002/art.1780401015
    1. Ruutu M, Thomas G, Steck R, Degli-Esposti MA, Zinkernagel MS, Alexander K, et al. β-glucan triggers spondylarthritis and Crohn’s disease–like ileitis in SKG mice. Arthritis Rheum (2012) 64(7):2211–22.10.1002/art.34423
    1. Chesson HW, Dunne EF, Hariri S, Markowitz LE. The estimated lifetime probability of acquiring human papillomavirus in the United States. Sex Transm Dis (2014) 41(11):660–4.10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000193
    1. Van Metre TE, Brown WH, Knox DL, Maumenee AE. The relation between nongranulomatous uveitis and arthritis. J Allergy (1965) 36(2):158–74.10.1016/0021-8707(65)90164-4
    1. Huhtinen M, Karma A. HLA-B27 typing in the categorisation of uveitis in a HLA-B27 rich population. Br J Ophthalmol (2000) 84(4):413–6.10.1136/bjo.84.4.413
    1. Popert A, Gill A, Laird S. A prospective study of Reiter’s syndrome: an interim report on the first 82 cases. Br J Vener Dis (1964) 40(3):160.
    1. Eastmond C. Gram-negative bacteria and B27 disease. Rheumatology (1983) 22(Suppl_2):67–74.10.1093/rheumatology/XXII.suppl_2.67
    1. Hannu T, Mattila L, Siitonen A, Leirisalo-Repo M. Reactive arthritis attributable to Shigella infection: a clinical and epidemiological nationwide study. Ann Rheum Dis (2005) 64(4):594–8.10.1136/ard.2004.027524
    1. Rudwaleit M, Richter S, Braun J, Sieper J. Low incidence of reactive arthritis in children following a salmonella outbreak. Ann Rheum Dis (2001) 60(11):1055–7.10.1136/ard.60.11.1055
    1. Smeekens SP, Plantinga TS, van de Veerdonk FL, Heinhuis B, Hoischen A, Joosten LA, et al. STAT1 hyperphosphorylation and defective IL12R/IL23R signaling underlie defective immunity in autosomal dominant chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. PLoS One (2011) 6(12):e29248.10.1371/journal.pone.0029248
    1. Puel A, Cypowyj S, Bustamante J, Wright JF, Liu L, Lim HK, et al. Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in humans with inborn errors of interleukin-17 immunity. Science (2011) 332(6025):65–8.10.1126/science.1200439
    1. Glocker E-O, Hennigs A, Nabavi M, Schäffer AA, Woellner C, Salzer U, et al. A homozygous CARD9 mutation in a family with susceptibility to fungal infections. N Engl J Med (2009) 361(18):1727–35.10.1056/NEJMoa0810719
    1. Saunte D, Mrowietz U, Puig L, Zachariae C. Candida infections in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis treated with interleukin-17 inhibitors and their practical management. Br J Dermatol (2017) 177(1):47–62.10.1111/bjd.15015
    1. Romani L. Immunity to fungal infections. Nat Rev Immunol (2011) 11(4):275–88.10.1038/nri2939
    1. Brown BR, Lee EJ, Snow PE, Vance EE, Iwakura Y, Ohno N, et al. Fungal-derived cues promote ocular autoimmunity through a Dectin-2/Card9-mediated mechanism. Clin Exp Immunol (2017) 190(3):293–303.10.1111/cei.13021
    1. Suzuki T, Ohno N, Ohshima Y, Yadomae T. Soluble mannan and β-glucan inhibit the uptake of Malassezia furfur by human monocytic cell line, THP-1. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol (1998) 21(3):223–30.10.1111/j.1574-695X.1998.tb01169.x
    1. Cross C, Bancroft G. Ingestion of acapsular Cryptococcus neoformans occurs via mannose and beta-glucan receptors, resulting in cytokine production and increased phagocytosis of the encapsulated form. Infect Immun (1995) 63(7):2604–11.
    1. Baeten D, Baraliakos X, Braun J, Sieper J, Emery P, Van Der Heijde D, et al. Anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody secukinumab in treatment of ankylosing spondylitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet (2013) 382(9906):1705–1310.1016/S0140-6736(13)61134-4
    1. Cozon GJN, Mbitikon-Kobo FM, Fatoohi F, Spire M, Grange J-D, Kodjikian L. Abnormal cellular reactivity to microbial antigens in patients with uveitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (2008) 49(6):2526–30.10.1167/iovs.07-1454
    1. Messenger W, Hildebrandt L, Mackensen F, Suhler E, Becker M, Rosenbaum JT.Characterisation of uveitis in association with multiple sclerosis. Br J Ophthalmol (2015) 99(2):205–9.10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305518
    1. Tang WM, Pulido JS, Eckels DD, Han DP, Mieler WF, Pierce K. The association of HLA-DR15 and intermediate uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol (1997) 123(1):70–5.10.1016/S0002-9394(14)70994-8
    1. Heinz C, Heiligenhaus A. Improvement of noninfectious uveitis with fumaric acid esters: results of a pilot study. Arch Ophthalmol (2007) 125(4):569–71.10.1001/archopht.125.4.569
    1. Barisani-Asenbauer T, Maca SM, Mejdoubi L, Emminger W, Machold K, Auer H. Uveitis-a rare disease often associated with systemic diseases and infections-a systematic review of 2619 patients. Orphanet J Rare Dis (2012) 7(1):57.10.1186/1750-1172-7-57
    1. Cosnes J, Gower–Rousseau C, Seksik P, Cortot A. Epidemiology and natural history of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology (2011) 140(6):1785–1794.10.1053/j.gastro.2011.01.055
    1. Van Praet L, Van den Bosch FE, Jacques P, Carron P, Jans L, Colman R, et al. Microscopic gut inflammation in axial spondyloarthritis: a multiparametric predictive model. Ann Rheum Dis (2013) 72(3):414–7.10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202135
    1. Jyonouchi H, Geng L, Cushing-Ruby A, Monteiro IM. Aberrant responses to TLR agonists in pediatric IBD patients; the possible association with increased production of Th1/Th17 cytokines in response to candida, a luminal antigen. Pediatr Allergy Immunol (2010) 21(4p2):e747–55.10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00923.x
    1. Baram L, Cohen-Kedar S, Spektor L, Elad H, Guzner-Gur H, Dotan I. Differential stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in Crohn’s disease by fungal glycans. J Gastroenterol Hepatol (2014) 29(12):1976–84.10.1111/jgh.12701
    1. Hegazy AN, West NR, Stubbington MJT, Wendt E, Suijker KIM, Datsi A, et al. Circulating and tissue-resident CD4+ T cells with reactivity to intestinal microbiota are abundant in healthy individuals and function is altered during inflammation. Gastroenterology (2017) 153(5):1320–37.e16.10.1053/j.gastro.2017.07.047
    1. Gerard R, Sendid B, Colombel J-F, Poulain D, Jouault T. An immunological link between Candida albicans colonization and Crohn’s disease. Crit Rev Microbiol (2015) 41(2):135–9.10.3109/1040841X.2013.810587
    1. Kellermayer R, Mir SA, Nagy-Szakal D, Cox SB, Dowd SE, Kaplan JL, et al. Microbiota separation and C-reactive protein elevation in treatment naïve pediatric granulomatous Crohn disease. J Pediatric Gastroenterol Nutr (2012) 55(3):243–50.10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182617c16
    1. Varkas G, Thevissen K, De Brabanter G, Van Praet L, Czul-Gurdian F, Cypers H, et al. An induction or flare of arthritis and/or sacroiliitis by vedolizumab in inflammatory bowel disease: a case series. Ann Rheum Dis (2017) 76(5):878–81.10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210233
    1. Wendling D, Sondag M, Verhoeven F, Vuitton L, Koch S, Prati C. Arthritis occurrence or reactivation under Vedolizumab treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. A four cases report. Joint Bone Spine (2017) 85(2):255–6.10.1016/j.jbspin.2017.01.012
    1. Tadbiri S, Peyrin-Biroulet L, Serrero M, Filippi J, Pariente B, Roblin X, et al. Impact of vedolizumab therapy on extra-intestinal manifestations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a multicentre cohort study nested in the OBSERV-IBD cohort. Aliment Pharmacol Ther (2017) 47(4):485–93.10.1111/apt.14419
    1. Salmi M, Jalkanen S. Human leukocyte subpopulations from inflamed gut bind to joint vasculature using distinct sets of adhesion molecules. J Immunol (2001) 166(7):4650–7.10.4049/jimmunol.166.7.4650
    1. Ciccia F, Guggino G, Rizzo A, Saieva L, Peralta S, Giardina A, et al. Type 3 innate lymphoid cells producing IL-17 and IL-22 are expanded in the gut, in the peripheral blood, synovial fluid and bone marrow of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis (2015) 74(9):1739–47.10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206323
    1. Salmi M, Jalkanen S. Endothelial ligands and homing of mucosal leukocytes in extraintestinal manifestations of IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis (1998) 4(2):149–56.10.1097/00054725-199805000-00026
    1. Chouraki V, Savoye G, Dauchet L, Vernier-Massouille G, Dupas J-L, Merle V, et al. The changing pattern of Crohn’s disease incidence in northern France: a continuing increase in the 10- to 19-year-old age bracket (1988–2007). Aliment Pharmacol Ther (2011) 33(10):1133–42.10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04628.x
    1. Yao T, Matsui T, Hiwatashi N. Crohn’s disease in Japan. Dis Colon Rectum (2000) 43:S85–93.10.1007/BF02237231
    1. Parisi R, Symmons DP, Griffiths CE, Ashcroft DM. Global epidemiology of psoriasis: a systematic review of incidence and prevalence. J Invest Dermatol (2013) 133(2):377–85.10.1038/jid.2012.339
    1. Sepahi S, Riahi-Zanjani B, Ghorani A. The role of Candida albicans in the pathogenesis of Psoriasis vulgaris: systematic literature review. Rev Clin Med (2016) 3:122–7.10.22038/rcm.2016.6485
    1. Lober CW, Belew PW, Rosenberg EW, Bale G. Patch tests with killed sonicated microflora in patients with psoriasis. Arch Dermatol (1982) 118(5):322–5.10.1001/archderm.1982.01650170036019
    1. Imai Y, Tsuda T, Aochi S, Futatsugi-Yumikura S, Sakaguchi Y, Nakagawa N, et al. YKL-40 (chitinase 3-like-1) as a biomarker for psoriasis vulgaris and pustular psoriasis. J Dermatol Sci (2011) 64(1):75–7.10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.06.012
    1. Faergemann J. Treatment of Sebopsoriasis with Itraconazole: Behandlung von Sebopsoriasis mit Itraconazole. Mycoses (1985) 28(12):612–8.10.1111/j.1439-0507.1985.tb02094.x
    1. Rosenberg EW, Belew PW. Improvement of psoriasis of the scalp with ketoconazole. Arch Dermatol (1982) 118(6):370–1.10.1001/archderm.118.6.370
    1. Farr P, Marks J, Krause L, Shuster S. Response of scalp psoriasis to oral ketoconazole. Lancet (1985) 326(8461):921–2.10.1016/S0140-6736(85)90853-0
    1. Crutcher N, Rosenberg EW, Belew PW, Skinner RB, Jr, Eaglstein NF, Baker SM. Oral nystatin in the treatment of psoriasis. Arch Dermatol (1984) 120(4):435–6.10.1001/archderm.120.4.435a
    1. Ganor S. Treatment of early psoriasis lesions with a oral amphotericin B or nystatin. Int J Dermatol (1988) 27(6):420–420.10.1111/j.1365-4362.1988.tb02398.x
    1. Buslau M, Hänel H, Holzmann H. The significance of yeasts in seborrheic eczema. Hautarzt (1989) 40(10):611–3.
    1. Ascioglu O, Soyuer U, Aktas E. Improvement of psoriasis with oral nystatin. In: Tümbay E, Seeliger HPR, Anǧ Ö, editors. Candida and Candidamycosis. Boston, MA: Springer; (1991). p. 279–81.10.1007/978-1-4684-5910-4_48
    1. Balak D, Fallah Arani S, Hajdarbegovic E, Hagemans C, Bramer W, Thio H, et al. Efficacy, effectiveness and safety of fumaric acid esters in the treatment of psoriasis: a systematic review of randomized and observational studies. Br J Dermatol (2016) 175(2):250–62.10.1111/bjd.14500
    1. Chiu H-Y, Chang W-L, Tsai T-F, Tsai Y-W, Shiu M-N. Risk of psoriasis following terbinafine or itraconazole treatment for onychomycosis: a population-based case-control comparative study. Drug Safety (2018) 41(3):285–95.10.1007/s40264-017-0614-2
    1. Swanbeck G, Inerot A, Martinsson T, Wahlström J, Enerbäck C, Enlund F, et al. Age at onset and different types of psoriasis. Br J Dermatol (1995) 133(5):768–73.10.1111/j.1365-2133.1995.tb02753.x
    1. Rahman P, Schentag CT, Gladman DD. Immunogenetic profile of patients with psoriatic arthritis varies according to the age at onset of psoriasis. Arthritis Rheumatol (1999) 42(4):818–23.10.1002/1529-0131(199904)42:4<818::AID-ANR30>;2-5
    1. Lysell J, Padyukov L, Kockum I, Nikamo P, Ståhle M. Genetic association with ERAP1 in psoriasis is confined to disease onset after puberty and not dependent on HLA-C* 06. J Invest Dermatol (2013) 133(2):411–7.10.1038/jid.2012.280
    1. Adachi A, Horikawa T, Ichihashi M, Takashima T, Komura A. Role of Candida allergen in atopic dermatitis and efficacy of oral therapy with various antifungal agents. Allergy (1999) 48(7):719–25.
    1. Larson JL, Wallace TL, Tyl RW, Marr MC, Myers CB, Cossum PA. The reproductive and developmental toxicity of the antifungal drug Nyotran® (liposomal nystatin) in rats and rabbits. Toxicol Sci (2000) 53(2):421–9.10.1093/toxsci/53.2.421
    1. Pauls K, Schön M, Kubitza RC, Homey B, Wiesenborn A, Lehmann P, et al. Role of integrin α E (CD103) β 7 for tissue-specific epidermal localization of CD8+ T lymphocytes. J Invest Dermatol (2001) 117(3):569–75.10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01481.x
    1. Tett A, Pasolli E, Farina S, Truong DT, Asnicar F, Zolfo M, et al. Unexplored diversity and strain-level structure of the skin microbiome associated with psoriasis. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes (2017) 3:1–12.10.1038/s41522-017-0022-5
    1. Gomez-Moyano E, Crespo-Erchiga V, Martínez-Pilar L, Diaz DG, Martínez-García S, Navarro ML, et al. Do Malassezia species play a role in exacerbation of scalp psoriasis? J Mycol Med (2014) 24(2):87–92.10.1016/j.mycmed.2013.10.007
    1. Fry L, Baker BS. Triggering psoriasis: the role of infections and medications. Clin Dermatol (2007) 25(6):606–15.10.1016/j.clindermatol.2007.08.015
    1. Pierard J, Dockx P. The ultrastructure of tinea versicolor and Malassezia furfur. Int J Dermatol (1972) 11(2):116–24.10.1111/j.1365-4362.1972.tb01735.x
    1. Hallen-Adams HE, Kachman SD, Kim J, Legge RM, Martínez I. Fungi inhabiting the healthy human gastrointestinal tract: a diverse and dynamic community. Fungal Ecol (2015) 15:9–17.10.1016/j.funeco.2015.01.006
    1. de la Rosette JJ, Hubregtse MR, Meuleman EJ, Stolk-Engelaar MV, Debruyne FM. Diagnosis and treatment of 409 patients with prostatitis syndromes. Urology (1993) 41(4):301–7.10.1016/0090-4295(93)90584-W
    1. Edstrom Hagerwall AM, Rydengard V, Fernlund P, Morgelin M, Baumgarten M, Cole AM, et al. Beta-microseminoprotein endows post coital seminal plasma with potent candidacidal activity by a calcium- and pH-dependent mechanism. PLoS Pathog (2012) 8(4):e1002625.10.1371/journal.ppat.1002625
    1. Eeles RA, Kote-Jarai Z, Giles GG, Olama AA, Guy M, Jugurnauth SK, et al. Multiple newly identified loci associated with prostate cancer susceptibility. Nat Genet (2008) 40(3):316–21.10.1038/ng.90
    1. Kote-Jarai Z, Easton DF, Stanford JL, Ostrander EA, Schleutker J, Ingles SA, et al. Multiple novel prostate cancer predisposition loci confirmed by an international study: the PRACTICAL Consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev (2008) 17(8):2052–61.10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-08-0317
    1. Thomas G, Jacobs KB, Yeager M, Kraft P, Wacholder S, Orr N, et al. Multiple loci identified in a genome-wide association study of prostate cancer. Nat Genet (2008) 40(3):310–5.10.1038/ng.91
    1. Xu X, Valtonen-Andre C, Savblom C, Hallden C, Lilja H, Klein RJ. Polymorphisms at the microseminoprotein-beta locus associated with physiologic variation in beta-microseminoprotein and prostate-specific antigen levels. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev (2010) 19(8):2035–42.10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0431
    1. Hrbacek J, Urban M, Hamsikova E, Tachezy R, Heracek J. Thirty years of research on infection and prostate cancer: no conclusive evidence for a link. A systematic review. Urol Oncol (2012) 31(7):951–65.10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.01.013
    1. Xu K, Wang X, Ling MT, Lee DT, Fan T, Chan FL, et al. Identification of a specifically expressed modified form of novel PSP-94 protein in the secretion of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Electrophoresis (2003) 24(7–8):1311–8.10.1002/elps.200390167
    1. Tsai Y, Harrison H, Lee C, Daufeldt J, Oliver L, Grayhack J. Systematic characterization of human prostatic fluid proteins with two-dimensional electrophoresis. Clin Chem (1984) 30(12):2026–30.
    1. Doctor VM, Sheth AR, Simha MM, Arbatti NJ, Aaveri JP, Sheth NA. Studies on immunocytochemical localization of inhibin-like material in human prostatic tissue: comparison of its distribution in normal, benign and malignant prostates. Br J Cancer (1986) 53(4):547–54.10.1038/bjc.1986.85
    1. Sathe VS, Sheth NA, Phadke MA, Sheth AR, Zaveri JP. Biosynthesis and localization of inhibin in human prostate. Prostate (1987) 10(1):33–43.10.1002/pros.2990100107
    1. Kramer G, Marberger M. Could inflammation be a key component in the progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia? Curr Opin Urol (2006) 16(1):25–9.10.1097/01.mou.0000193368.91823.1b
    1. Guess HA, Arrighi HM, Metter EJ, Fozard JL. Cumulative prevalence of prostatism matches the autopsy prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate (1990) 17(3):241–6.10.1002/pros.2990170308
    1. Seman G, Gallager HS, Johnson DE. Melanin-like pigment in the human prostate. Prostate (1982) 3(1):59–72.10.1002/pros.2990030109
    1. Guillan R, Zelman S. The incidence and probable origin of melanin in the prostate. J Urol (1970) 104(1):151–3.10.1016/S0022-5347(17)61689-6
    1. Maksem JA, Johenning PW, Galang CF. Prostatitis and aspiration biopsy cytology of prostate. Urology (1988) 32(3):263–8.10.1016/0090-4295(88)90398-6
    1. Gómez BL, Nosanchuk JD. Melanin and fungi. Curr Opin Infect Dis (2003) 16(2):91–6.10.1097/00001432-200304000-00005
    1. Fernandes C, Prados-Rosales R, Silva BM, Nakouzi-Naranjo A, Zuzarte M, Chatterjee S, et al. Activation of melanin synthesis in Alternaria infectoria by antifungal drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother (2016) 60(3):1646–55.10.1128/AAC.02190-15
    1. Weiber H, Andersson C, Murne A, Rannevik G, Lindstrom C, Lilja H, et al. Beta microseminoprotein is not a prostate-specific protein. Its identification in mucous glands and secretions. Am J Pathol (1990) 137(3):593–603.
    1. Ohkubo I, Tada T, Ochiai Y, Ueyama H, Eimoto T, Sasaki M. Human seminal plasma beta-microseminoprotein: its purification, characterization, and immunohistochemical localization. Int J Biochem Cell Biol (1995) 27(6):603–11.10.1016/1357-2725(95)00021-G
    1. Nolet S, St-Louis D, Mbikay M, Chretien M. Rapid evolution of prostatic protein PSP94 suggested by sequence divergence between rhesus monkey and human cDNAs. Genomics (1991) 9(4):775–7.10.1016/0888-7543(91)90375-O
    1. Ghasriani H, Teilum K, Johnsson Y, Fernlund P, Drakenberg T. Solution structures of human and porcine beta-microseminoprotein. J Mol Biol (2006) 362(3):502–15.10.1016/j.jmb.2006.07.029
    1. Clark NL, Swanson WJ. Pervasive adaptive evolution in primate seminal proteins. PLoS Genet (2005) 1(3):e35.10.1371/journal.pgen.0010035
    1. Pearson CM. Development of arthritis, periarthritis and periostitis in rats given adjuvants. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med (1956) 91(1):95–101.10.3181/00379727-91-22179
    1. Pearson CM, Wood FD. Studies of polyarthritis and other lesions induced in rats by injection of mycobacterial adjuvant. I. General clinical and pathologic characteristics and some modifying factors. Arthritis Rheumatol (1959) 2(5):440–59.10.1002/1529-0131(195910)2:5<440::AID-ART1780020510>;2-N
    1. Taurog JD, Sandberg GP, Mahowald ML. The cellular basis of adjuvant arthritis: II. Characterization of the cells mediating passive transfer. Cell Immunol (1983) 80(1):198–204.10.1016/0008-8749(83)90106-5
    1. Waksman BH, Pearson CM, Sharp JT. Studies of arthritis and other lesions induced in rats by injection of mycobacterial adjuvant. J Immunol (1960) 85(4):403–17.
    1. Taurog JD, Rival C, van Duivenvoorde LM, Satumtira N, Dorris ML, Sun M, et al. Autoimmune epididymoorchitis is essential to the pathogenesis of male-specific spondylarthritis in HLA–B27–transgenic rats. Arthritis Rheumatol (2012) 64(8):2518–28.10.1002/art.34480
    1. Sonoyama K, Miki A, Sugita R, Goto H, Nakata M, Yamaguchi N. Gut colonization by Candida albicans aggravates inflammation in the gut and extra-gut tissues in mice. Med Mycol (2011) 49(3):237–47.10.3109/13693786.2010.511284
    1. Hida S, Miura NN, Adachi Y, Ohno N. Cell wall β-glucan derived from Candida albicans acts as a trigger for autoimmune arthritis in SKG mice. Biol Pharm Bull (2007) 30(8):1589–92.10.1248/bpb.30.1589
    1. Marijnissen RJ, Koenders MI, Van de Veerdonk FL, Dulos J, Netea MG, Boots AM, et al. Exposure to Candida albicans polarizes a T-cell driven arthritis model towards Th17 responses, resulting in a more destructive arthritis. PLoS One (2012) 7(6):e38889.10.1371/journal.pone.0038889
    1. Miyake Y, Toyonaga K, Mori D, Kakuta S, Hoshino Y, Oyamada A, et al. C-type lectin MCL is an FcRγ-coupled receptor that mediates the adjuvanticity of mycobacterial cord factor. Immunity (2013) 38(5):1050–62.10.1016/j.immuni.2013.03.010
    1. Lee EJ, Brown BR, Vance EE, Snow PE, Silver PB, Heinrichs D, et al. Mincle activation and the Syk/Card9 signaling axis are central to the development of autoimmune disease of the eye. J Immunol (2016) 196(7):3148–58.10.4049/jimmunol.1502355
    1. Yamasaki S, Matsumoto M, Takeuchi O, Matsuzawa T, Ishikawa E, Sakuma M, et al. C-type lectin Mincle is an activating receptor for pathogenic fungus, Malassezia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2009) 106(6):1897–902.10.1073/pnas.0805177106
    1. Lord JC, Hartzer KL, Kambhampati S. A nuptially transmitted ichthyosporean symbiont of Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). J Eukaryot Microbiol (2012) 59(3):246–50.10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00617.x
    1. Ramos M, Pisa D, Molina S, Rábano A, Juarranz Á, Carrasco L. Fungal infection in patients with multiple sclerosis. Open Mycol J (2008) 2(1):22–8.10.2174/1874437000802010022
    1. Benito-Leon J, Pisa D, Alonso R, Calleja P, Diaz-Sanchez M, Carrasco L. Association between multiple sclerosis and Candida species: evidence from a case-control study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis (2010) 29(9):1139–45.10.1007/s10096-010-0979-y
    1. Pisa D, Alonso R, Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Carrasco L. Fungal infection in cerebrospinal fluid from some patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis (2013) 32(6):795–801.10.1007/s10096-012-1810-8
    1. Guerini FR, Cagliani R, Forni D, Agliardi C, Caputo D, Cassinotti A, et al. A functional variant in ERAP1 predisposes to multiple sclerosis. PLoS One (2012) 7(1):e29931.10.1371/journal.pone.0029931
    1. Babbe H, Roers A, Waisman A, Lassmann H, Goebels N, Hohlfeld R, et al. Clonal expansions of CD8+ T cells dominate the T cell infiltrate in active multiple sclerosis lesions as shown by micromanipulation and single cell polymerase chain reaction. J Exp Med (2000) 192(3):393–404.10.1084/jem.192.3.393
    1. Hook EW, III, Marra CM. Acquired syphilis in adults. N Engl J Med (1992) 326(16):1060–9.10.1056/NEJM199204163261606
    1. Palacios G, Druce J, Du L, Tran T, Birch C, Briese T, et al. A new arenavirus in a cluster of fatal transplant-associated diseases. N Engl J Med (2008) 358(10):991–8.10.1056/NEJMoa073785
    1. Lipkin WI. Microbe hunting. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev (2010) 74(3):363–77.10.1128/MMBR.00007-10
    1. Cottier F, Srinivasan KG, Yurieva M, Liao W, Poidinger M, Zolezzi F, et al. Advantages of meta-total RNA sequencing (MeTRS) over shotgun metagenomics and amplicon-based sequencing in the profiling of complex microbial communities. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes (2018) 4(1):2.10.1038/s41522-017-0046-x
    1. Kowarsky M, Camunas-Soler J, Kertesz M, De Vlaminck I, Koh W, Pan W, et al. Numerous uncharacterized and highly divergent microbes which colonize humans are revealed by circulating cell-free DNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2017) 114(36):9623–8.10.1073/pnas.1707009114
    1. Ghannoum MA, Jurevic RJ, Mukherjee PK, Cui F, Sikaroodi M, Naqvi A, et al. Characterization of the oral fungal microbiome (mycobiome) in healthy individuals. PLoS Pathog (2010) 6(1):e1000713.10.1371/journal.ppat.1000713
    1. Guo R, Zheng N, Lu H, Yin H, Yao J, Chen Y. Increased diversity of fungal flora in the vagina of patients with recurrent vaginal candidiasis and allergic rhinitis. Microb Ecol (2012) 64(4):918–27.10.1007/s00248-012-0084-0
    1. Peeters A, Dukmans B, Van der Schroeff J. Fumaric acid therapy for psoriatic arthritis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Rheumatology (1992) 31(7):502–4.10.1093/rheumatology/31.7.502
    1. Altmeyer PJ, Mattlies U, Pawlak F, Hoffmann K, Frosch PJ, Ruppert P, et al. Antipsoriatic effect of fumaric acid derivatives: results of a multicenter double-blind study in 100 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol (1994) 30(6):977–81.10.1016/S0190-9622(94)70121-0
    1. Gold R, Kappos L, Arnold DL, Bar-Or A, Giovannoni G, Selmaj K, et al. Placebo-controlled phase 3 study of oral BG-12 for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med (2012) 367(12):1098–107.10.1056/NEJMoa1114287
    1. Ashbee HR, Evans EGV. Immunology of diseases associated with Malassezia species. Clin Microbiol Rev (2002) 15(1):21–57.10.1128/CMR.15.1.21-57.2002
    1. Vesty A, Biswas K, Taylor MW, Gear K, Douglas RG. Evaluating the impact of DNA extraction method on the representation of human oral bacterial and fungal communities. PLoS One (2017) 12(1):e0169877.10.1371/journal.pone.0169877
    1. Cleland EJ, Bassioni A, Boase S, Dowd S, Vreugde S, Wormald PJ. The fungal microbiome in chronic rhinosinusitis: richness, diversity, postoperative changes and patient outcomes. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol (2014) 4(4):259–65.10.1002/alr.21297
    1. Boix-Amorós A, Martinez-Costa C, Querol A, Collado MC, Mira A. Multiple approaches detect the presence of fungi in human breastmilk samples from healthy mothers. Sci Rep (2017) 7:13016.10.1038/s41598-017-13270-x
    1. Alonso R, Pisa D, Marina AI, Morato E, Rábano A, Rodal I, et al. Evidence for fungal infection in cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Int J Biol Sci (2015) 11(5):546.10.7150/ijbs.11084
    1. Alonso R, Pisa D, Marina AI, Morato E, Rábano A, Carrasco L. Fungal infection in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis (2014) 41(1):301–11.10.3233/JAD-132681
    1. van Woerden HC, Gregory C, Brown R, Marchesi JR, Hoogendoorn B, Matthews IP. Differences in fungi present in induced sputum samples from asthma patients and non-atopic controls: a community based case control study. BMC Infect Dis (2013) 13(1):69.10.1186/1471-2334-13-69
    1. Cafarchia C, Dell’Aquila M, Capelli G, Minoia P, Otranto D. Role of β-endorphin on phospholipase production in Malassezia pachydermatis in dogs: new insights into the pathogenesis of this yeast. Med Mycol (2007) 45(1):11–5.10.1080/13693780600962718
    1. Cafarchia C, Dell’Aquila M, Traversa D, Albrizio M, Guaricci A, De Santis T, et al. Expression of the µ-opioid receptor on Malassezia pachydermatis and its effect in modulating phospholipase production. Med Mycol (2010) 48(1):73–8.10.3109/13693780902718347
    1. Honnavar P, Chakrabarti A, Prasad GS, Singh P, Dogra S, Rudramurthy SM. β-Endorphin enhances the phospholipase activity of the dandruff causing fungi Malassezia globosa and Malassezia restricta. Med Mycol (2017) 55(2):150–4.10.1093/mmy/myw058
    1. Davidson A, Vermesh M, Paulson RJ, Graczykowski JW, Lobo RA. Presence of immunoreactive β-endorphin and calcitonin in human seminal plasma, and their relation to sperm physiology. Fertil Steril (1989) 51(5):878–80.10.1016/S0015-0282(16)60684-2
    1. Shahed AR, Shoskes DA. Correlation of β-endorphin and prostaglandin E2 levels in prostatic fluid of patients with chronic prostatitis with diagnosis and treatment response. J Urol (2001) 166(5):1738–41.10.1016/S0022-5347(05)65664-9
    1. Quartuccio M. Immunoreactive beta-endorphin in the genital tract and seminal plasma of the bull. Reprod Domest Anim (2004) 39(4):264.10.1111/J.1439-0531.2004.498_1.X
    1. Soares RC, Zani MB, Arruda ACBB, de Arruda LHF, Paulino LC. Malassezia intra-specific diversity and potentially new species in the skin microbiota from Brazilian healthy subjects and seborrheic dermatitis patients. PLoS One (2015) 10(2):e0117921.10.1371/journal.pone.0117921

Source: PubMed

Sponsors et collaborateurs

Les conditions médicales

Interventions en matière de drogue

3
S'abonner