Cognitive and biological effects of citrus phytochemicals in subjective cognitive decline: a 36-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial

Samantha Galluzzi, Roberta Zanardini, Clarissa Ferrari, Sara Gipponi, Ilaria Passeggia, Michela Rampini, Giovanni Sgrò, Salvatore Genovese, Serena Fiorito, Lucia Palumbo, Michela Pievani, Giovanni B Frisoni, Francesco Epifano, Samantha Galluzzi, Roberta Zanardini, Clarissa Ferrari, Sara Gipponi, Ilaria Passeggia, Michela Rampini, Giovanni Sgrò, Salvatore Genovese, Serena Fiorito, Lucia Palumbo, Michela Pievani, Giovanni B Frisoni, Francesco Epifano

Abstract

Background: Auraptene (AUR) and naringenin (NAR) are citrus-derived phytochemicals that influence several biological mechanisms associated with cognitive decline, including neuronal damage, oxidative stress and inflammation. Clinical evidence of the efficacy of a nutraceutical with the potential to enhance cognitive function in cohorts at risk of cognitive decline would be of great value from a preventive perspective. The primary aim of this study is to determine the cognitive effects of a 36-week treatment with citrus peel extract standardized in levels of AUR and NAR in older adults experiencing subjective cognitive decline (SCD). The secondary aim is to determine the effects of these phytochemicals on blood-based biomarkers indicative of neuronal damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation.

Methods: Eighty older persons with SCD will be recruited and randomly assigned to receive the active treatment (400 mg of citrus peel extract containing 0.1 mg of AUR and 3 mg of NAR) or the placebo at a 1:1 ratio for 36 weeks. The primary endpoint is a change in the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status score from baseline to weeks 18 and 36. Other cognitive outcomes will include changes in verbal and nonverbal memory, attention, executive and visuospatial functions. Blood samples will be collected from a consecutive subsample of 60 participants. The secondary endpoint is a change in interleukin-8 levels over the 36-week period. Other biological outcomes include changes in markers of neuronal damage, oxidative stress, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Conclusion: This study will evaluate whether an intervention with citrus peel extract standardized in levels of AUR and NAR has cognitive and biological effects in older adults with SCD, facilitating the establishment of nutrition intervention in people at risk of cognitive decline.

Trial registration: The trial is registered with the United States National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health Registry of Clinical Trials under the code NCT04744922 on February 9th, 2021 ( https://www.

Clinicaltrials: gov/ct2/show/NCT04744922 ).

Keywords: Auraptene; Biological markers; Naringenin; Randomized clinical trial; Subjective cognitive decline.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

© 2022. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flowchart of the trial

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