Artificial Saliva: Challenges and Future Perspectives for the Treatment of Xerostomia

Dawid Łysik, Katarzyna Niemirowicz-Laskowska, Robert Bucki, Grażyna Tokajuk, Joanna Mystkowska, Dawid Łysik, Katarzyna Niemirowicz-Laskowska, Robert Bucki, Grażyna Tokajuk, Joanna Mystkowska

Abstract

The chronic sensation of a dry mouth is a disease condition called xerostomia and affects a large part of the population. Xerostomia is associated with decreased secretion, or more often, qualitative changes in saliva proteins and immunoglobulin concentrations that develop as a result of salivary gland dysfunction. Several reasons causing dry mouth were described, and usually, they include taking medications, diseases or radiotherapy. In some situations, when it is difficult to use salivary stimulants or salivary gland damage is irreversible, the only option might seem to be saliva substitutes. The paper presents the most important aspects considering saliva preparations. The rheological and lubricating properties and the reconstruction of the complex saliva structure has been the main purpose of research. The biological properties of saliva preparations were also widely discussed. As part of the work, the antimicrobial effect of three commercial saliva preparations was tested. Finally, inadequate antimicrobial properties against the strains isolated from the oral cavity were demonstrated. The development of salivary substitutes, in particular, the improvement of antimicrobial properties, can be achieved using nanotechnology, including drug delivery systems containing nanocarriers.

Keywords: artificial saliva; rheology; xerostomia.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
A number of articles and citations regarding the terms: (a) “xerostomia”, (b) “artificial saliva” according to the Web of Science database.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Therapeutic options for salivary dysfunction.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Rheological properties of human saliva: (a) viscosity in shear rate function, (b) shear moduli (G’ is an elastic/storage modulus, G” is viscous/loss modulus) in shear strain function.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Diagram of adhesion and biofilm growth (based on [108]).
Figure 5
Figure 5
The impact of commercially available artificial saliva preparations on microorganism adhesion. The graph compared the abilities of tested microorganisms to adhere to wells of polystyrene microtiter plates in the presence of artificial saliva preparations using an adhesion assay that based on CV-staining method.

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