The study of HIV and antenatal care integration in pregnancy in Kenya: design, methods, and baseline results of a cluster-randomized controlled trial

Janet M Turan, Rachel L Steinfeld, Maricianah Onono, Elizabeth A Bukusi, Meghan Woods, Starley B Shade, Sierra Washington, Reson Marima, Jeremy Penner, Marta L Ackers, Dorothy Mbori-Ngacha, Craig R Cohen, Janet M Turan, Rachel L Steinfeld, Maricianah Onono, Elizabeth A Bukusi, Meghan Woods, Starley B Shade, Sierra Washington, Reson Marima, Jeremy Penner, Marta L Ackers, Dorothy Mbori-Ngacha, Craig R Cohen

Abstract

Background: Despite strong evidence for the effectiveness of anti-retroviral therapy for improving the health of women living with HIV and for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT), HIV persists as a major maternal and child health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. In most settings antenatal care (ANC) services and HIV treatment services are offered in separate clinics. Integrating these services may result in better uptake of services, reduction of the time to treatment initiation, better adherence, and reduction of stigma.

Methodology/principal findings: A prospective cluster randomized controlled trial design was used to evaluate the effects of integrating HIV treatment into ANC clinics at government health facilities in rural Kenya. Twelve facilities were randomized to provide either fully integrated services (ANC, PMTCT, and HIV treatment services all delivered in the ANC clinic) or non-integrated services (ANC clinics provided ANC and basic PMTCT services and referred clients to a separate HIV clinic for HIV treatment). During June 2009- March 2011, 1,172 HIV-positive pregnant women were enrolled in the study. The main study outcomes are rates of maternal enrollment in HIV care and treatment, infant HIV testing uptake, and HIV-free infant survival. Baseline results revealed that the intervention and control cohorts were similar with respect to socio-demographics, male partner HIV testing, sero-discordance of the couple, obstetric history, baseline CD4 count, and WHO Stage. Challenges faced while conducting this trial at low-resource rural health facilities included frequent staff turnover, stock-outs of essential supplies, transportation challenges, and changes in national guidelines.

Conclusions/significance: This is the first randomized trial of ANC and HIV service integration to be conducted in rural Africa. It is expected that the study will provide critical evidence regarding the implementation and effectiveness of this service delivery strategy, with important implications for programs striving to eliminate vertical transmission of HIV and improve maternal health.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00931216 https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT00931216.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Figure 1. Map of SHAIP Study Sites.
Figure 1. Map of SHAIP Study Sites.
This map of the Greater Migori District shows the location of control (NI, indicated by green stars) and intervention (FI, indicated by red stars) health facilities.
Figure 2. Consort Diagram.
Figure 2. Consort Diagram.
The flow diagram of clusters and individuals through the cluster randomized trial. A total of 1,172 HIV-positive pregnant women were enrolled in the study during the period June 2009–March 2011.
Figure 3. Randomization of clinic sites.
Figure 3. Randomization of clinic sites.
Twelve facilities were categorized by facility type, as either “Health Center or Dispensary” (N = 8) or “Hospital” (N = 4). Within these strata, each clinic represented a cluster, and was randomized to either control (Non-Integrated) or intervention (Fully Integrated) using the ACluster software.
Figure 4. Clinical services provided in the…
Figure 4. Clinical services provided in the ANC Clinic at Fully Integrated sites and Non-Integrated sites.
ANC, PMTCT, and HIV services available at the Fully Integrated sites and Non-Integrated sites based on Kenyan National guidelines.

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