Distribution of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) and Hepatitis C Co-infection in Bahia, Brazil

Felicidade Mota Pereira, Maria da Conceição Chagas de Almeida, Fred Luciano Neves Santos, Roberto Perez Carreiro, Bernardo Galvão-Castro, Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi, Felicidade Mota Pereira, Maria da Conceição Chagas de Almeida, Fred Luciano Neves Santos, Roberto Perez Carreiro, Bernardo Galvão-Castro, Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi

Abstract

Both Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are endemic in Brazil. In Salvador, the capital of the state of Bahia, 2% and 1.5% of the general population is infected with HTLV-1 or HCV. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and the distribution of HTLV/HCV coinfection in Bahia. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Central Laboratory of Public Health for the state of Bahia (LACEN-BA). All samples in the LACEN database submitted to serological testing for anti-HCV (chemiluminescence) and anti-HTLV-1/2 (chemiluminescence/ELISA and Western blot) from 2004 to 2013 were included. Infection rate was expressed as the number of infected individuals per 100,000 inhabitants in a given municipality; municipalities were grouped by microregion for further analysis. A total of 120,192 samples originating from 358 of the 417 municipalities in Bahia (85.8%) were evaluated. The overall HCV coinfection rate in HTLV-positive was 14.31% [2.8 (ranging from 0.4 to 8.0) per 100,000 inhabitants.] Twenty-one (5%) of the municipalities reported at least one case of HTLV/HCV coinfection. Most cases (87%) were concentrated in three microregions (Salvador: 79%, Ilhéus/Itabuna: 5%, Porto Seguro: 3%). Coinfection occurred more frequently in males (51%) with a mean age of 59 [(IQR): 46-59] years. HTLV/HCV coinfection in the state of Bahia was more frequently found among males living in the microregions of Salvador, Ilhéus/Itabuna and Porto Seguro, all of which are known to be endemic for HTLV infection.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1. Flow chart detailing the classification…
Fig 1. Flow chart detailing the classification protocols employed in the studied population to determine HTLV and HCV infection status.
Fig 2. Geographic distribution of HTLV and…
Fig 2. Geographic distribution of HTLV and HCV cases among the municipalities in the state of Bahia from 2004 and 2013.
Microregions are delimited by white lines. The three microregions with the highest concentrations of coinfection cases are highlighted by arrows.

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