Vitamin D and mortality: Individual participant data meta-analysis of standardized 25-hydroxyvitamin D in 26916 individuals from a European consortium

Martin Gaksch, Rolf Jorde, Guri Grimnes, Ragnar Joakimsen, Henrik Schirmer, Tom Wilsgaard, Ellisiv B Mathiesen, Inger Njølstad, Maja-Lisa Løchen, Winfried März, Marcus E Kleber, Andreas Tomaschitz, Martin Grübler, Gudny Eiriksdottir, Elias F Gudmundsson, Tamara B Harris, Mary F Cotch, Thor Aspelund, Vilmundur Gudnason, Femke Rutters, Joline W J Beulens, Esther van 't Riet, Giel Nijpels, Jacqueline M Dekker, Diana Grove-Laugesen, Lars Rejnmark, Markus A Busch, Gert B M Mensink, Christa Scheidt-Nave, Michael Thamm, Karin M A Swart, Ingeborg A Brouwer, Paul Lips, Natasja M van Schoor, Christopher T Sempos, Ramón A Durazo-Arvizu, Zuzana Škrabáková, Kirsten G Dowling, Kevin D Cashman, Mairead Kiely, Stefan Pilz, Martin Gaksch, Rolf Jorde, Guri Grimnes, Ragnar Joakimsen, Henrik Schirmer, Tom Wilsgaard, Ellisiv B Mathiesen, Inger Njølstad, Maja-Lisa Løchen, Winfried März, Marcus E Kleber, Andreas Tomaschitz, Martin Grübler, Gudny Eiriksdottir, Elias F Gudmundsson, Tamara B Harris, Mary F Cotch, Thor Aspelund, Vilmundur Gudnason, Femke Rutters, Joline W J Beulens, Esther van 't Riet, Giel Nijpels, Jacqueline M Dekker, Diana Grove-Laugesen, Lars Rejnmark, Markus A Busch, Gert B M Mensink, Christa Scheidt-Nave, Michael Thamm, Karin M A Swart, Ingeborg A Brouwer, Paul Lips, Natasja M van Schoor, Christopher T Sempos, Ramón A Durazo-Arvizu, Zuzana Škrabáková, Kirsten G Dowling, Kevin D Cashman, Mairead Kiely, Stefan Pilz

Abstract

Background: Vitamin D deficiency may be a risk factor for mortality but previous meta-analyses lacked standardization of laboratory methods for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentrations and used aggregate data instead of individual participant data (IPD). We therefore performed an IPD meta-analysis on the association between standardized serum 25(OH)D and mortality.

Methods: In a European consortium of eight prospective studies, including seven general population cohorts, we used the Vitamin D Standardization Program (VDSP) protocols to standardize 25(OH)D data. Meta-analyses using a one step procedure on IPD were performed to study associations of 25(OH)D with all-cause mortality as the primary outcome, and with cardiovascular and cancer mortality as secondary outcomes. This meta-analysis is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02438488.

Findings: We analysed 26916 study participants (median age 61.6 years, 58% females) with a median 25(OH)D concentration of 53.8 nmol/L. During a median follow-up time of 10.5 years, 6802 persons died. Compared to participants with 25(OH)D concentrations of 75 to 99.99 nmol/L, the adjusted hazard ratios (with 95% confidence interval) for mortality in the 25(OH)D groups with 40 to 49.99, 30 to 39.99, and <30 nmol/L were 1.15 (1.00-1.29), 1.33 (1.16-1.51), and 1.67 (1.44-1.89), respectively. We observed similar results for cardiovascular mortality, but there was no significant linear association between 25(OH)D and cancer mortality. There was also no significantly increased mortality risk at high 25(OH)D levels up to 125 nmol/L.

Interpretation: In the first IPD meta-analysis using standardized measurements of 25(OH)D we observed an association between low 25(OH)D and increased risk of all-cause mortality. It is of public health interest to evaluate whether treatment of vitamin D deficiency prevents premature deaths.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1. Dose-response trend of hazard ratios…
Fig 1. Dose-response trend of hazard ratios of death from all causes by standardized 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
Dose-response trend of hazard ratios of all-cause mortality by standardized 25-hydroxyvitamin D were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index and season of blood drawing concentrations. Hazard ratios [blue line with 95% confidence interval as the dotted blue lines] are referring to the 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration of 83.4 nmol/L (i.e. the median 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration for the group with 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations from 75 to 99.99 nmol/L).

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