Effectiveness of Virtual/Augmented Reality-Based Therapeutic Interventions on Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis

Behnam Karami, Roxana Koushki, Fariba Arabgol, Maryam Rahmani, Abdol-Hossein Vahabie, Behnam Karami, Roxana Koushki, Fariba Arabgol, Maryam Rahmani, Abdol-Hossein Vahabie

Abstract

In recent years, the application of virtual reality (VR) for therapeutic purposes has escalated dramatically. Favorable properties of VR for engaging patients with autism, in particular, have motivated an enormous body of investigations targeting autism-related disabilities with this technology. This study aims to provide a comprehensive meta-analysis for evaluating the effectiveness of VR on the rehabilitation and training of individuals diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. Accordingly, we conducted a systematic search of related databases and, after screening for inclusion criteria, reviewed 33 studies for more detailed analysis. Results revealed that individuals undergoing VR training have remarkable improvements with a relatively large effect size with Hedges g of 0.74. Furthermore, the results of the analysis of different skills indicated diverse effectiveness. The strongest effect was observed for daily living skills (g = 1.15). This effect was moderate for other skills: g = 0.45 for cognitive skills, g = 0.46 for emotion regulation and recognition skills, and g = 0.69 for social and communication skills. Moreover, five studies that had used augmented reality also showed promising efficacy (g = 0.92) that calls for more research on this tool. In conclusion, the application of VR-based settings in clinical practice is highly encouraged, although their standardization and customization need more research.

Keywords: augmented reality; autism spectrum disorder; rehabilitation; technology; virtual reality.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2021 Karami, Koushki, Arabgol, Rahmani and Vahabie.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A) Flow diagram of study selection and identification process. (B) Schematic presentation of PICO for this study.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Forest plot of overall effectiveness of VR training for controlled trials with 95% confidence interval. Solid vertical lines represent strong effect size boundary (g = −0.8 and 0.8), and dashed vertical lines represent weak effect size boundary (g = −0.3 and 0.3).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Forest plot of overall effectiveness of VR training for uncontrolled trials with 95% confidence interval. Solid vertical lines represent strong effect size boundary (g = −0.8 and 0.8), and dashed vertical lines represent weak effect size boundary (g = −0.3 and 0.3).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Funnel plot for VR training effectiveness of both uncontrolled and controlled trials with pseudo−95% confidence interval. Red area represents SCS; green area represents ERS; blue area represents DLS; and yellow area represents CS. Solid vertical lines represent strong effect size boundary (g = −0.8 and 0.8), and dashed vertical lines represent weak effect size boundary (g = −0.3 and 0.3). Filled and empty circles represent Hedges g value of uncontrolled and controlled trials, respectively. Solid lines represent g with 95% confidence interval of uncontrolled trials and dashed lines represent g with 95% confidence interval of controlled trials.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Forest plot of skill-based training effectiveness for uncontrolled trials with 95% confidence interval. Red area represents SCS; green area represents ERS; blue area represents DLS; and yellow area represents CS. Solid vertical lines represent strong effect size boundary (g = −0.8 and 0.8), and dashed vertical lines represent weak effect size boundary (g = −0.3 and 0.3).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Funnel plot for VR training effectiveness of both uncontrolled and controlled trials with pseudo 95% confidence interval. Filled and empty circles represent Hedges g value of uncontrolled and controlled trials respectively. Solid lines represent g with 95% confidence interval of uncontrolled trials and dashed lines represent g with 95% confidence interval of controlled trials.

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Source: PubMed

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