Short-Term Cardiovascular Response to Short-Radius Centrifugation With and Without Ergometer Exercise

Ana Diaz-Artiles, Thomas Heldt, Laurence R Young, Ana Diaz-Artiles, Thomas Heldt, Laurence R Young

Abstract

Artificial gravity (AG) has often been proposed as an integrated multi-system countermeasure to physiological deconditioning associated with extended exposure to reduced gravity levels, particularly if combined with exercise. Twelve subjects underwent short-radius centrifugation along with bicycle ergometry to quantify the short-term cardiovascular response to AG and exercise across three AG levels (0 G or no rotation, 1 G, and 1.4 G; referenced to the subject's feet and measured in the centripetal direction) and three exercise intensities (25, 50, and 100 W). Continuous cardiovascular measurements were collected during the centrifugation sessions using a non-invasive monitoring system. The cardiovascular responses were more prominent at higher levels of AG and exercise intensity. In particular, cardiac output, stroke volume, pulse pressure, and heart rate significantly increased with both AG level (in most of exercise group combinations, showing averaged increments across exercise conditions of 1.4 L/min/g, 7.6 mL/g, 5.22 mmHg/g, and 2.0 bpm/g, respectively), and workload intensity (averaged increments across AG conditions of 0.09 L/min/W, 0.17 mL/W, 0.22 mmHg/W, and 0.74 bpm/W respectively). These results suggest that the addition of AG to exercise can provide a greater cardiovascular benefit than exercise alone. Hierarchical regression models were fitted to the experimental data to determine dose-response curves of all cardiovascular variables as a function of AG-level and exercise intensity during short-radius centrifugation. These results can inform future studies, decisions, and trade-offs toward potential implementation of AG as a space countermeasure.

Keywords: artificial gravity; human experiments; orthostatic intolerance; spaceflight countermeasure; spaceflight deconditioning.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
MIT short-radius centrifuge configuration during the experimental sessions. The centrifuge was constrained to a radius of 1.4 m, and a cycle ergometer was used during the centrifugation runs. Subjects were positioned on their right side facing “into the wind.”
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Twenty-five minutes exercise protocol conducted at each experimental session. The protocol included a baseline period (3 min), the spin-up process to the desired G-level (100 s), a first period of AG alone before exercise (125 s), the ergometer exercise period (15-min including work rate transitions), a second period of AG alone after exercise (120 s), and the spin-down process (60 s). The three G-levels tested were 0, 1, and 1.4 G (measured at the feet), corresponding to angular velocities of 0, 28.6, and 33.4 rpm respectively.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Cardiovascular responses from 12 subjects (mean ± SE) during the 25-min centrifuge run under three different AG-levels (0, 1, and 1.4 G). The protocol includes a spin-up phase (starting at Time = 3 min), the exercise phase with multiple workload intensities (from Time = 6:45 min to Time = 21:45 min), and the spin-down phase (starting at Time = 23:45 min).
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Cardiovascular data from 12 subjects (mean ± SE) by AG-level (0 G, 1 G, and 1.4 G) and workload intensity (0 W, 25 W, 50 W, and 100 W). The figure highlights significant differences between AG-levels within the same workload intensity in HR, SV, CO, DBP, and MAP (simple main effects from 2-factor repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction, ∗significantly different at p < 0.05). Our analysis also showed a statistically significant overall effect of AG-level on PP (main effects two-way repeated-measures ANOVA, ∗∗significantly different at p < 0.05) but the simple main effects did not yield a significant result. For clarity, significant differences between work rates have not been included.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Statistically significant mixed regression models fitted to the cardiovascular experimental data across all conditions: three AG-levels (0 G, 1 G, and 1.4 G) and four workload intensities (0 W, 25 W, 50 W, and 100 W). Symbols and error bars correspond to experimental data from 12 subjects (mean ± SE) in each condition.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Male and female cardiovascular variables (mean ± SE) during the centrifugation runs, shown at each AG-level across all workload intensity conditions. There was a statistically significant gender effect (between-subjects effect of repeated measures ANOVA, ∗significantly different at p < 0.05) in SV (p < 0.0005) and PP (p = 0.006). Trends are also present in other variables, namely HR, CO, and TPR.

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