Overdiagnosis of Clostridium difficile Infection in the Molecular Test Era

Abstract

Importance: Clostridium difficile is a major cause of health care-associated infection, but disagreement between diagnostic tests is an ongoing barrier to clinical decision making and public health reporting. Molecular tests are increasingly used to diagnose C difficile infection (CDI), but many molecular test-positive patients lack toxins that historically defined disease, making it unclear if they need treatment.

Objective: To determine the natural history and need for treatment of patients who are toxin immunoassay negative and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive (Tox-/PCR+) for CDI.

Design, setting, and participants: Prospective observational cohort study at a single academic medical center among 1416 hospitalized adults tested for C difficile toxins 72 hours or longer after admission between December 1, 2010, and October 20, 2012. The analysis was conducted in stages with revisions from April 27, 2013, to January 13, 2015.

Main outcomes and measures: Patients undergoing C difficile testing were grouped by US Food and Drug Administration-approved toxin and PCR tests as Tox+/PCR+, Tox-/PCR+, or Tox-/PCR-. Toxin results were reported clinically. Polymerase chain reaction results were not reported. The main study outcomes were duration of diarrhea during up to 14 days of treatment, rate of CDI-related complications (ie, colectomy, megacolon, or intensive care unit care) and CDI-related death within 30 days.

Results: Twenty-one percent (293 of 1416) of hospitalized adults tested for C difficile were positive by PCR, but 44.7% (131 of 293) had toxins detected by the clinical toxin test. At baseline, Tox-/PCR+ patients had lower C difficile bacterial load and less antibiotic exposure, fecal inflammation, and diarrhea than Tox+/PCR+ patients (P < .001 for all). The median duration of diarrhea was shorter in Tox-/PCR+ patients (2 days; interquartile range, 1-4 days) than in Tox+/PCR+ patients (3 days; interquartile range, 1-6 days) (P = .003) and was similar to that in Tox-/PCR- patients (2 days; interquartile range, 1-3 days), despite minimal empirical treatment of Tox-/PCR+ patients. No CDI-related complications occurred in Tox-/PCR+ patients vs 10 complications in Tox+/PCR+ patients (0% vs 7.6%, P < .001). One Tox-/PCR+ patient had recurrent CDI as a contributing factor to death within 30 days vs 11 CDI-related deaths in Tox+/PCR+ patients (0.6% vs 8.4%, P = .001).

Conclusions and relevance: Among hospitalized adults with suspected CDI, virtually all CDI-related complications and deaths occurred in patients with positive toxin immunoassay test results. Patients with a positive molecular test result and a negative toxin immunoassay test result had outcomes that were comparable to patients without C difficile by either method. Exclusive reliance on molecular tests for CDI diagnosis without tests for toxins or host response is likely to result in overdiagnosis, overtreatment, and increased health care costs.

Figures

Figure 1. Flow of Patients Through Testing and Follow-up

Tox+/PCR+ indicates Clostridium difficile toxin immunoassay positive and polymerase chain reaction positive; Tox−/PCR+, C difficile toxin immunoassay negative and polymerase chain reaction positive; and Tox−/PCR−, C difficile toxin immunoassay negative and polymerase chain reaction negative. aClostridium difficile test group based on US Food and Drug Administration–approved toxin immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction results. b Includes one patient with false-positive immunoassay. c Includes 20 patients with false-positive immunoassay.

Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier Curves of Time to Resolution of Diarrhea by Clostridium difficile Test Group

The median duration of diarrhea for patients with at least 1 day was 3 days (interquartile range, 1-6 days) for Tox+/PCR+ (121 of 131), 2 days (interquartile range, 1-4 days) for Tox−/PCR+, and 2 days (interquartile range, 1-3 days) for Tox−/PCR− (927 of 1123) (P < .001). Log-rank P values are P < .001 for all groups, P = .003 for Tox+/PCR+ vs Tox−/PCR+, (143 of 162) P < .001 for Tox+/PCR+ vs Tox−/PCR−, and P < .001 for Tox−/PCR+ vs Tox−/PCR−. Tox+/PCR+ indicates C difficile toxin immunoassay positive and polymerase chain reaction positive; Tox−/PCR+, C difficile toxin immunoassay negative and polymerase chain reaction positive; Tox−/PCR−, C difficile toxin immunoassay negative and polymerase chain reaction negative.