Relationships of the early insulin secretory response and oral disposition index with gastric emptying in subjects with normal glucose tolerance

Chinmay S Marathe, Christopher K Rayner, Kylie Lange, Michelle Bound, Judith Wishart, Karen L Jones, Steven E Kahn, Michael Horowitz, Chinmay S Marathe, Christopher K Rayner, Kylie Lange, Michelle Bound, Judith Wishart, Karen L Jones, Steven E Kahn, Michael Horowitz

Abstract

The oral disposition index, the product of the early insulin secretory response during an oral glucose tolerance test and insulin sensitivity, is used widely for both the prediction of, and evaluation of the response to interventions, in type 2 diabetes. Gastric emptying, which determines small intestinal exposure of nutrients, modulates postprandial glycemia. The aim of this study was to determine whether the insulin secretory response and the disposition index (DI) related to gastric emptying in subjects with normal glucose tolerance. Thirty-nine subjects consumed a 350 mL drink containing 75 g glucose labeled with 99mTc-sulfur colloid. Gastric emptying (by scintigraphy), blood glucose (G) and plasma insulin (I) were measured between t = 0-120 min. The rate of gastric emptying was derived from the time taken for 50% emptying (T50) and expressed as kcal/min. The early insulin secretory response was estimated by the ratio of the change in insulin (∆I0-30) to that of glucose at 30 min (∆G0-30) represented as ∆I0-30/∆G0-30 Insulin sensitivity was estimated as 1/fasting insulin and the DI was then calculated as ∆I0-30/∆G0-30 × 1/fasting insulin. There was a direct relationship between ∆G0-30 and gastric emptying (r = 0.47, P = 0.003). While there was no association of either ∆I0-30 (r = -0.16, P = 0.34) or fasting insulin (r = 0.21, P = 0.20), there were inverse relationships between the early insulin secretory response (r = -0.45, P = 0.004) and the DI (r = -0.33, P = 0.041), with gastric emptying. We conclude that gastric emptying is associated with both insulin secretion and the disposition index in subjects with normal glucose tolerance, such that when gastric emptying is relatively more rapid, both the early insulin secretory response and the disposition index are less. These findings should be interpreted as "hypothesis generating" and provide the rationale for longitudinal studies to examine the impact of baseline rate of gastric emptying on the prospective risk of type 2 diabetes.

Keywords: Gastric emptying; insulin secretory response; oral disposition index; oral glucose tolerance test.

© 2017 The Authors. Physiological Reports published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Relationships between (A) change in blood glucose from t = 0–30 min, (B) change in plasma insulin from t = 0–30 min and (C) 1/fasting insulin with gastric emptying expressed as kcal/min based on T50 in subjects with normal glucose tolerance. T = 0 min was the sample taken just prior to, and t = 30 min the sample taken 30 min after, consuming the glucose drink.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Relationships between (A) early insulin secretory response, and (B) oral disposition index with gastric emptying expressed as kcal/min based on T50 in subjects with normal glucose tolerance.

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