Adherence of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans to different bracket materials

Shrinivaasan Nambi Rammohan, Shubhaker Rao Juvvadi, Chandra Sekhar Gandikota, Padmalatha Challa, Ranjit Manne, Anirudh Mathur, Shrinivaasan Nambi Rammohan, Shubhaker Rao Juvvadi, Chandra Sekhar Gandikota, Padmalatha Challa, Ranjit Manne, Anirudh Mathur

Abstract

Objective: To quantify the adherence of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans on brackets made of stainless steel, plastic, ceramic, titanium, and gold, and to evaluate the various sites of adherence of these microorganisms with scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Materials and methods: Brackets made of stainless steel, plastic, ceramic, titanium, and gold were used. The adherence of S. mutans and C. albicans were studied. The brackets were placed in flat-bottomed vials containing basal medium with 20% sucrose added; the flasks were inoculated with each of the microbial suspensions. The samples were incubated at 37°C for 48 h, after which the brackets were removed. The cells adhering to the glass were counted and the brackets were studied with SEM.

Results: When evaluated together, the adherence of S. mutans and C. albicans was increased in the ceramic bracket group. When evaluated separately, metallic brackets had increased number of colony-forming units (CFUs) of S. mutans and the use of titanium brackets increased the CFUs of C. albicans. SEM demonstrated that the adherence of S. mutans and C. albicans together varied according to the bracket materials, with ceramic having the greatest and stainless steel having the least adherence.

Conclusions: Oral hygiene may be of greater concern with esthetic brackets since this study shows that microbial adhesion is greater with these brackets.

Keywords: Adherence; brackets candida; streptococcus.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
shows quantitatively that the number of CFUs of S. mutans was modified in the presence of different bracket types. The mean CFUs/ml of S. mutans for stainless steel brackets was found to be the highest, followed by gold, ceramic, plastic, and titanium in descending order
Figure 2
Figure 2
shows comparatively the adherence of C. albicans among the bracket types. It can be seen that the number of CFUs differs according to the bracket composition. The adherence of C. albicans was similar in the case of titanium and plastic brackets, with titanium having the highest count. Following plastic were stainless steel, gold, and composite brackets in descending order. The gold brackets were similar to the controls in case of S. mutans and C. albicans
Figure 3
Figure 3
shows the CFUs/ml when S. mutans and C. albicans were added together. A decrease in CFUs/ml was observed in the presence of metallic brackets. And to the contrary, the ceramic brackets triggered an increase in CFU/ml. The titanium brackets were similar to the control in the number of CFU/ml
Figures 4–13
Figures 4–13
show the electron microscopy images of the different brackets (stainless steel, composite, ceramic, titanium, and gold) removed from the vials containing S. mutans and C. albicans together. It can be seen that the adherence of microorganisms to the brackets was great on the slot zone and varied according to bracket composition. It was higher on the ceramic and lower on the metallic brackets

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