Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids

Marianna Lovászi, Andrea Szegedi, Christos C Zouboulis, Dániel Törőcsik, Marianna Lovászi, Andrea Szegedi, Christos C Zouboulis, Dániel Törőcsik

Abstract

The major role of sebaceous glands in mammals is to produce sebum, which coats the epidermis and the hair providing waterproofing, thermoregulation and photoprotection. However, as the need for these functions decreased along the evolutionary changes in humans, a relevant question has been raised: are sebaceous glands and sebum the remnants of our mammalian heritage or do they have overtaken a far more complex role in human skin biology? Trying to provide answers to this question, this review introduces the evolving field of sebaceous immunobiology and puts into the focus the pathways that sebum lipids use to influence the immune milieu of the skin. By introducing possible modifiers of sebaceous lipogenesis and discussing the - human-specific - alterations in composition and amount of sebum, the attribute of sebum as a sensitive tool, which is capable of translating multiple signalling pathways into the dermal micro environment is presented. Further their interaction with macrophages and keratinocytes involves sebum lipid fractions into disease pathogenesis, which could lead - on the other side - to the development of novel sebum-based therapeutic strategies.

Keywords: bioactive sebum lipids; dermal immunity; sebaceous-immunobiology.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Sebum lipids orchestrate sebaceous-immunobiology. Sebum production and composition is regulated by intrinsic (i.e. PPAR, LXR, RAR, RXR, endocannabinoids) and extrinsic (i.e. androgens, IGF1, insulin, leptin) factors. Sebum lipids (marked with red arrows) contribute to the lipid barrier of the skin and penetrate through the epidermis to the dermis, however a direct diffusion from the sebaceous glands has been proposed as well. Sebum fraction lipids also have a role in modulating both keratinocyte as well as macrophage functions by altering their gene and protein expression levels, which may be important in maintaining the physiological dermal immune milieu. In the defence response against pathogens, sebum lipids have multiple functions: exert antimicrobial effects, induce the cytokine expression of sebocytes and keratinocytes as well as modulate the macrophage – P. acnes interaction, which may have a central role not just in the pathogenesis of acne but also in other diseases. Further identification of how sebum lipids could alter the functions of other cell types is also a promising field for research with pathological and therapeutic relevance.

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Source: PubMed

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