Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators and the Lymphatic System

Jamie D Kraft, Robert Blomgran, Iben Lundgaard, Marianne Quiding-Järbrink, Jonathan S Bromberg, Emma Börgeson, Jamie D Kraft, Robert Blomgran, Iben Lundgaard, Marianne Quiding-Järbrink, Jonathan S Bromberg, Emma Börgeson

Abstract

Diminished lymphatic function and abnormal morphology are common in chronic inflammatory diseases. Recent studies are investigating whether it is possible to target chronic inflammation by promoting resolution of inflammation, in order to enhance lymphatic function and attenuate disease. Resolution of inflammation is an active process regulated by bioactive lipids known as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). SPMs can modulate leukocyte migration and function, alter cytokine/chemokine release, modify autophagy, among other immune-related activities. Here, we summarize the role of the lymphatics in resolution of inflammation and lymphatic impairment in chronic inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we discuss the current literature describing the connection between SPMs and the lymphatics, and the possibility of targeting the lymphatics with innovative SPM therapy to promote resolution of inflammation and mitigate disease.

Keywords: atherosclerosis; dry eye disease; inflammatory bowel disease; lymphatics; lymphoid organs; resolution of inflammation; specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs).

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Arachidonic acid-derived specialized pro-resolving mediator synthesis. Synthesis of the specialized pro-resolving mediator, lipoxin, requires transcellular biosynthesis (left side). Arachidonic acid receives an oxygen from 15-lipoxygenase (LOX), generating either 15S-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15S-H(p)ETE) or 15S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15S-HETE). These metabolites are taken up by neutrophils where 5-LOX generates 5,6-epoxytetraene, an unstable molecule which is hydrolysed into lipoxins. Arachidonic acid can also be metabolized by neutrophils into leukotriene A4 (right side). Upon neutrophil-platelet binding, leukotriene A4 is converted into lipoxins by platelet 12-LOX.

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