Congestive nephropathy: a neglected entity? Proposal for diagnostic criteria and future perspectives

Faeq Husain-Syed, Hermann-Josef Gröne, Birgit Assmus, Pascal Bauer, Henning Gall, Werner Seeger, Ardeschir Ghofrani, Claudio Ronco, Horst-Walter Birk, Faeq Husain-Syed, Hermann-Josef Gröne, Birgit Assmus, Pascal Bauer, Henning Gall, Werner Seeger, Ardeschir Ghofrani, Claudio Ronco, Horst-Walter Birk

Abstract

Venous congestion has emerged as an important cause of renal dysfunction in patients with cardiorenal syndrome. However, only limited progress has been made in differentiating this haemodynamic phenotype of renal dysfunction, because of a significant overlap with pre-existing renal impairment due to long-term hypertension, diabetes, and renovascular disease. We propose congestive nephropathy (CN) as this neglected clinical entity. CN is a potentially reversible subtype of renal dysfunction associated with declining renal venous outflow and progressively increasing renal interstitial pressure. Venous congestion may lead to a vicious cycle of hormonal activation, increased intra-abdominal pressure, excessive renal tubular sodium reabsorption, and volume overload, leading to further right ventricular (RV) stress. Ultimately, renal replacement therapy may be required to relieve diuretic-resistant congestion. Effective decongestion could preserve or improve renal function. Congestive acute kidney injury may not be associated with cellular damage, and complete renal function restoration may be a confirmatory diagnostic criterion. In contrast, a persistently low renal perfusion pressure might induce renal dysfunction and histopathological lesions with time. Thus, urinary markers may differ. CN is mostly seen in biventricular heart failure but may also occur secondary to pulmonary arterial hypertension and elevated intra-abdominal pressure. An increase in central venous pressure to >6 mmHg is associated with a steep decrease in glomerular filtration rate. However, the central venous pressure range that can provide an optimal balance of RV and renal function remains to be determined. We propose criteria to identify cardiorenal syndrome subgroups likely to benefit from decongestive or pulmonary hypertension-specific therapies and suggest areas for future research.

Keywords: Cardiorenal syndromes; Heart failure; Intra-abdominal hypertension; Pulmonary hypertension; Venous congestion.

Conflict of interest statement

Dr. Gall discloses personal fees and non‐financial support from Actelion, AstraZeneca, Bayer, BMS, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen Cilag, Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, and United Therapeutics/OMT outside the submitted work. Dr. Seeger discloses personal fees for consulting from Bayer Pharma AG, from Liquidia Technologies, Inc, and from United Therapeutics Corporation outside the submitted work. Dr. Ghofrani discloses grants from German Research Foundation (DFG) during the conduct of the study and personal fees from Actelion, Bayer, GSK, Novartis, Pfizer, Bellerophon Pulse Technologies, and MSD Merck Sharpe & Dohme outside the submitted work. None of the other authors declare any competing interests.

© 2020 The Authors. ESC Heart Failure published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Society of Cardiology.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Congestive nephropathy in pulmonary arterial hypertension and heart failure. Various factors and co‐morbidities related to renal dysfunction appear frequently in patients with PAH and HF. HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; LV, left ventricular; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; PH, pulmonary hypertension; RRI, renal resistance index; RV, right ventricular.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Venous congestion and glomerular haemodynamics. Renal venous congestion caused by intravascular congestion or an increase in intra‐abdominal pressure can lead to a build‐up of renal interstitial hydrostatic pressure through peritubular capillary congestion and development of interstitial oedema. This presumably leads to increased efferent arteriolar pressure, which may initially result in glomerular hyperfiltration; however, further increases in renal venous pressure with decreases in renal perfusion pressure ultimately reduce glomerular filtration rate.

References

    1. Mullens W, Abrahams Z, Francis GS, Sokos G, Taylor DO, Starling RC, Young JB, Tang WHW. Importance of venous congestion for worsening of renal function in advanced decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53: 589–596.
    1. Damman K, van Deursen VM, Navis G, Voors AA, van Veldhuisen DJ, Hillege HL. Increased central venous pressure is associated with impaired renal function and mortality in a broad spectrum of patients with cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 53: 582–588.
    1. Husain‐Syed F, McCullough PA, Birk HW, Renker M, Brocca A, Seeger W, Ronco C. Cardio‐pulmonary‐renal interactions: a multidisciplinary approach. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65: 2433–2448.
    1. Verbrugge FH, Dupont M, Steels P, Grieten L, Malbrain M, Tang WH, Mullens W. Abdominal contributions to cardiorenal dysfunction in congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 62: 485–495.
    1. Costanzo MR, Ronco C, Abraham WT, Agostoni P, Barasch J, Fonarow GC, Gottlieb SS, Jaski BE, Kazory A, Levin AP, Levin HR, Marenzi G, Mullens W, Negoianu D, Redfield MM, Tang WHW, Testani JM, Voors AA. Extracorporeal ultrafiltration for fluid overload in heart failure: current status and prospects for further research. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69: 2428–2445.
    1. Galie N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, Gibbs S, Lang I, Torbicki A, Simonneau G, Peacock A, Vonk Noordegraaf A, Beghetti M, Ghofrani A, Gomez Sanchez MA, Hansmann G, Klepetko W, Lancellotti P, Matucci M, McDonagh T, Pierard LA, Trindade PT, Zompatori M, Hoeper M, ESC Scientific Document Group . 2015 ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS): Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC), International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT). Eur Heart J 2016; 37: 67–119.
    1. Ambrosy AP, Fonarow GC, Butler J, Chioncel O, Greene SJ, Vaduganathan M, Nodari S, Lam CSP, Sato N, Shah AN, Gheorghiade M. The global health and economic burden of hospitalizations for heart failure: lessons learned from hospitalized heart failure registries. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014; 63: 1123–1133.
    1. Abraham WT, Adamson PB, Bourge RC, Aaron MF, Costanzo MR, Stevenson LW, Strickland W, Neelagaru S, Raval N, Krueger S, Weiner S, Shavelle D, Jeffries B, Yadav JS, Group CTS . Wireless pulmonary artery haemodynamic monitoring in chronic heart failure: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011; 377: 658–666.
    1. Metra M, Davison B, Bettari L, Sun H, Edwards C, Lazzarini V, Piovanelli B, Carubelli V, Bugatti S, Lombardi C, Cotter G, Dei Cas L. Is worsening renal function an ominous prognostic sign in patients with acute heart failure? The role of congestion and its interaction with renal function. Circ Heart Fail 2012; 5: 54–62.
    1. Bart BA, Goldsmith SR, Lee KL, Givertz MM, O'Connor CM, Bull DA, Redfield MM, Deswal A, Rouleau JL, LeWinter MM, Ofili EO, Stevenson LW, Semigran MJ, Felker GM, Chen HH, Hernandez AF, Anstrom KJ, McNulty SE, Velazquez EJ, Ibarra JC, Mascette AM, Braunwald E, Heart Failure Clinical Research N . Ultrafiltration in decompensated heart failure with cardiorenal syndrome. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 2296–2304.
    1. Costanzo MR, Stevenson LW, Adamson PB, Desai AS, Heywood JT, Bourge RC, Bauman J, Abraham WT. Interventions linked to decreased heart failure hospitalizations during ambulatory pulmonary artery pressure monitoring. J Am Coll Cardiol HF 2016; 4: 333–344.
    1. Testani JM, Chen J, McCauley BD, Kimmel SE, Shannon RP. Potential effects of aggressive decongestion during the treatment of decompensated heart failure on renal function and survival. Circulation 2010; 122: 265–272.
    1. Ronco C, Haapio M, House AA, Anavekar N, Bellomo R. Cardiorenal syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 1527–1539.
    1. Ronco C, Cicoira M, McCullough PA. Cardiorenal syndrome type 1: pathophysiological crosstalk leading to combined heart and kidney dysfunction in the setting of acutely decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 60: 1031–1042.
    1. Matsushita K, Coresh J, Sang Y, Chalmers J, Fox C, Guallar E, Jafar T, Jassal SK, Landman GW, Muntner P, Roderick P, Sairenchi T, Schottker B, Shankar A, Shlipak M, Tonelli M, Townend J, van Zuilen A, Yamagishi K, Yamashita K, Gansevoort R, Sarnak M, Warnock DG, Woodward M, Arnlov J, CKD Prognosis Consortium . Estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria for prediction of cardiovascular outcomes: a collaborative meta‐analysis of individual participant data. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 3: 514–525.
    1. Retnakaran R, Cull CA, Thorne KI, Adler AI, Holman RR, UKPDS Study Group . Risk factors for renal dysfunction in type 2 diabetes: U.K. Prospective Diabetes Study 74. Diabetes 2006; 55: 1832–1839.
    1. Mahmoodi BK, Matsushita K, Woodward M, Blankestijn PJ, Cirillo M, Ohkubo T, Rossing P, Sarnak MJ, Stengel B, Yamagishi K, Yamashita K, Zhang L, Coresh J, de Jong PE, Astor BC, Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium . Associations of kidney disease measures with mortality and end‐stage renal disease in individuals with and without hypertension: a meta‐analysis. Lancet 2012; 380: 1649–1661.
    1. Dhaun N, Bellamy CO, Cattran DC, Kluth DC. Utility of renal biopsy in the clinical management of renal disease. Kidney Int 2014; 85: 1039–1048.
    1. Meyrier A. Nephrosclerosis: a term in quest of a disease. Nephron 2015; 129: 276–282.
    1. Damman K, Navis G, Smilde TD, Voors AA, van der Bij W, van Veldhuisen DJ, Hillege HL. Decreased cardiac output, venous congestion and the association with renal impairment in patients with cardiac dysfunction. Eur J Heart Fail 2007; 9: 872–878.
    1. Klahr S. Obstructive nephropathy. Intern Med 2000; 39: 355–361.
    1. Fender EA, Zack CJ, Nishimura RA. Isolated tricuspid regurgitation: outcomes and therapeutic interventions. Heart 2018; 104: 798–806.
    1. Opotowsky AR, Baraona FR, Mc Causland FR, Loukas B, Landzberg E, Landzberg MJ, Sabbisetti V, Waikar SS. Estimated glomerular filtration rate and urine biomarkers in patients with single‐ventricle Fontan circulation. Heart 2017; 103: 434–442.
    1. Saiki H, Kuwata S, Kurishima C, Iwamoto Y, Ishido H, Masutani S, Senzaki H. Prevalence, implication, and determinants of worsening renal function after surgery for congenital heart disease. Heart Vessels 2016; 31: 1313–1318.
    1. Dupont M, Mullens W, Finucan M, Taylor DO, Starling RC, Tang WH. Determinants of dynamic changes in serum creatinine in acute decompensated heart failure: the importance of blood pressure reduction during treatment. Eur J Heart Fail 2013; 15: 433–440.
    1. Van Aelst LNL, Arrigo M, Placido R, Akiyama E, Girerd N, Zannad F, Manivet P, Rossignol P, Badoz M, Sadoune M, Launay JM, Gayat E, Lam CSP, Cohen‐Solal A, Mebazaa A, Seronde MF. Acutely decompensated heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction present with comparable haemodynamic congestion. Eur J Heart Fail 2018; 20: 738–747.
    1. Chioncel O, Mebazaa A, Maggioni AP, Harjola VP, Rosano G, Laroche C, Piepoli MF, Crespo‐Leiro MG, Lainscak M, Ponikowski P, Filippatos G, Ruschitzka F, Seferovic P, Coats AJS, Lund LH, ESC‐EORP‐HFA Heart Failure Long‐Term Registry Investigators . Acute heart failure congestion and perfusion status—impact of the clinical classification on in‐hospital and long‐term outcomes; insights from the ESC‐EORP‐HFA Heart Failure Long‐Term Registry. Eur J Heart Fail 2019; 21: 1338–1352.
    1. Binanay C, Califf RM, Hasselblad V, O'Connor CM, Shah MR, Sopko G, Stevenson LW, Francis GS, Leier CV, Miller LW, Investigators E , Coordinators ES . Evaluation study of congestive heart failure and pulmonary artery catheterization effectiveness: the ESCAPE trial. JAMA 2005; 294: 1625–1633.
    1. Zile MR, Bennett TD, St John Sutton M, Cho YK, Adamson PB, Aaron MF, Aranda JM Jr, Abraham WT, Smart FW, Stevenson LW, Kueffer FJ, Bourge RC. Transition from chronic compensated to acute decompensated heart failure: pathophysiological insights obtained from continuous monitoring of intracardiac pressures. Circulation 2008; 118: 1433–1441.
    1. Ishihara S, Gayat E, Sato N, Arrigo M, Laribi S, Legrand M, Placido R, Manivet P, Cohen‐Solal A, Abraham WT, Jessup M, Mebazaa A. Similar hemodynamic decongestion with vasodilators and inotropes: systematic review, meta‐analysis, and meta‐regression of 35 studies on acute heart failure. Clin Res Cardiol 2016; 105: 971–980.
    1. Ghio S, Guazzi M, Scardovi AB, Klersy C, Clemenza F, Carluccio E, Temporelli PL, Rossi A, Faggiano P, Traversi E, Vriz O, Dini FL, all investigators . Different correlates but similar prognostic implications for right ventricular dysfunction in heart failure patients with reduced or preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 2017; 19: 873–879.
    1. Stevenson LW. Tailored therapy to hemodynamic goals for advanced heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 1999; 1: 251–257.
    1. Mehra MR, Park MH, Landzberg MJ, Lala A, Waxman AB, International Right Heart Failure Foundation Scientific Working Group . Right heart failure: toward a common language. J Heart Lung Transplant 2014; 33: 123–126.
    1. Rosenkranz S, Gibbs JS, Wachter R, De Marco T, Vonk‐Noordegraaf A, Vachiery JL. Left ventricular heart failure and pulmonary hypertension. Eur Heart J 2016; 37: 942–954.
    1. Guazzi M, Naeije R. Pulmonary hypertension in heart failure: pathophysiology, pathobiology, and emerging clinical perspectives. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 69: 1718–1734.
    1. Nijst P, Martens P, Dupont M, Tang WHW, Mullens W. Intrarenal flow alterations during transition from euvolemia to intravascular volume expansion in heart failure patients. J Am Coll Cardiol HF 2017; 5: 672–681.
    1. Damman K, Masson S, Lucci D, Gorini M, Urso R, Maggioni AP, Tavazzi L, Tarantini L, Tognoni G, Voors A, Latini R. Progression of renal impairment and chronic kidney disease in chronic heart failure: an analysis from GISSI‐HF. J Card Fail 2017; 23: 2–9.
    1. Damman K, Jaarsma T, Voors AA, Navis G, Hillege HL, van Veldhuisen DJ, COACH investigators . Both in‐ and out‐hospital worsening of renal function predict outcome in patients with heart failure: results from the Coordinating Study Evaluating Outcome of Advising and Counseling in Heart Failure (COACH). Eur J Heart Fail 2009; 11: 847–854.
    1. Tsai YC, Tsai JC, Chen SC, Chiu YW, Hwang SJ, Hung CC, Chen TH, Kuo MC, Chen HC. Association of fluid overload with kidney disease progression in advanced CKD: a prospective cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 63: 68–75.
    1. Hung SC, Lai YS, Kuo KL, Tarng DC. Volume overload and adverse outcomes in chronic kidney disease: clinical observational and animal studies. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4: e001918.
    1. Navaneethan SD, Wehbe E, Heresi GA, Gaur V, Minai OA, Arrigain S, Nally JV Jr, Schold JD, Rahman M, Dweik RA. Presence and outcomes of kidney disease in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 9: 855–863.
    1. Li Z, Liang X, Liu S, Ye Z, Chen Y, Wang W, Li R, Xu L, Feng Z, Shi W. Pulmonary hypertension: epidemiology in different CKD stages and its association with cardiovascular morbidity. PLoS ONE 2014; 9: e114392.
    1. Mavrakanas TA, Khattak A, Singh K, Charytan DM. Echocardiographic parameters and renal outcomes in patients with preserved renal function, and mild–moderate CKD. BMC Nephrol 2018; 19: 176.
    1. O'Leary JM, Assad TR, Xu M, Birdwell KA, Farber‐Eger E, Wells QS, Hemnes AR, Brittain EL. Pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease: invasive hemodynamic etiology and outcomes. Pulm Circ 2017; 7: 674–683.
    1. Pabst S, Hammerstingl C, Hundt F, Gerhardt T, Grohe C, Nickenig G, Woitas R, Skowasch D. Pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis and without dialysis: results of the PEPPER‐study. PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e35310.
    1. Haddad F, Peterson T, Fuh E, Kudelko KT, de Jesus Perez V, Skhiri M, Vagelos R, Schnittger I, Denault AY, Rosenthal DN, Doyle RL, Zamanian RT. Characteristics and outcome after hospitalization for acute right heart failure in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circ Heart Fail 2011; 4: 692–699.
    1. Sztrymf B, Souza R, Bertoletti L, Jais X, Sitbon O, Price LC, Simonneau G, Humbert M. Prognostic factors of acute heart failure in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2010; 35: 1286–1293.
    1. Sztrymf B, Prat D, Jacobs FM, Brivet FG, O'Callaghan DS, Price LC, Jais X, Sitbon O, Simonneau G, Humbert M. Renal replacement therapy in patients with severe precapillary pulmonary hypertension with acute right heart failure. Respiration 2013; 85: 464–470.
    1. Shah SJ, Thenappan T, Rich S, Tian L, Archer SL, Gomberg‐Maitland M. Association of serum creatinine with abnormal hemodynamics and mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Circulation 2008; 117: 2475–2483.
    1. Broda CR, Sriraman H, Wadhwa D, Wang Y, Tunuguntla H, Akcan‐Arikan A, Ermis PR, Price JF. Renal dysfunction is associated with higher central venous pressures in patients with Fontan circulation. Congenit Heart Dis 2018; 13: 602–607.
    1. Anne P, Du W, Mattoo TK, Zilberman MV. Nephropathy in patients after Fontan palliation. Int J Cardiol 2009; 132: 244–247.
    1. Rychik J. The relentless effects of the Fontan paradox. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 2016; 19: 37–43.
    1. Beaubien‐Souligny W, Benkreira A, Robillard P, Bouabdallaoui N, Chasse M, Desjardins G, Lamarche Y, White M, Bouchard J, Denault A. Alterations in portal vein flow and intrarenal venous flow are associated with acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a prospective observational cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7: e009961.
    1. Saito S, Uchino S, Takinami M, Uezono S, Bellomo R. Postoperative blood pressure deficit and acute kidney injury progression in vasopressor‐dependent cardiovascular surgery patients. Crit Care 2016; 20: 74.
    1. Guven G, Brankovic M, Constantinescu AA, Brugts JJ, Hesselink DA, Akin S, Struijs A, Birim O, Ince C, Manintveld OC, Caliskan K. Preoperative right heart hemodynamics predict postoperative acute kidney injury after heart transplantation. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44: 588–597.
    1. Lee JW, Song JM, Park JP, Lee JW, Kang DH, Song JK. Long‐term prognosis of isolated significant tricuspid regurgitation. Circ J 2010; 74: 375–380.
    1. Topilsky Y, Khanna AD, Oh JK, Nishimura RA, Enriquez‐Sarano M, Jeon YB, Sundt TM, Schaff HV, Park SJ. Preoperative factors associated with adverse outcome after tricuspid valve replacement. Circulation 2011; 123: 1929–1939.
    1. Boorsma EM, Ter Maaten JM, Damman K, Dinh W, Gustafsson F, Goldsmith S, Burkhoff D, Zannad F, Udelson JE, Voors AA. Congestion in heart failure: a contemporary look at physiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 17: 641–655.
    1. Fallick C, Sobotka PA, Dunlap ME. Sympathetically mediated changes in capacitance: redistribution of the venous reservoir as a cause of decompensation. Circ Heart Fail 2011; 4: 669–675.
    1. Fudim M, Jones WS, Boortz‐Marx RL, Ganesh A, Green CL, Hernandez AF, Patel MR. Splanchnic nerve block for acute heart failure. Circulation 2018; 138: 951–953.
    1. Malbrain ML, Cheatham ML, Kirkpatrick A, Sugrue M, Parr M, De Waele J, Balogh Z, Leppaniemi A, Olvera C, Ivatury R, D'Amours S, Wendon J, Hillman K, Johansson K, Kolkman K, Wilmer A. Results from the international conference of experts on intra‐abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome. I. Definitions. Intensive Care Med 2006; 32: 1722–1732.
    1. Caldwell CB, Ricotta JJ. Changes in visceral blood flow with elevated intraabdominal pressure. J Surg Res 1987; 43: 14–20.
    1. Bradley SE, Bradley GP. The effect of increased intra‐abdominal pressure on renal function in man. J Clin Invest 1947; 26: 1010–1022.
    1. Mullens W, Abrahams Z, Francis GS, Taylor DO, Starling RC, Tang WH. Prompt reduction in intra‐abdominal pressure following large‐volume mechanical fluid removal improves renal insufficiency in refractory decompensated heart failure. J Card Fail 2008; 14: 508–514.
    1. Mullens W, Abrahams Z, Skouri HN, Francis GS, Taylor DO, Starling RC, Paganini E, Tang WH. Elevated intra‐abdominal pressure in acute decompensated heart failure: a potential contributor to worsening renal function? J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 300–306.
    1. Rubio‐Gracia J, Gimenez‐Lopez I, Sanchez‐Marteles M, Josa‐Laorden C, Perez‐Calvo JI. Intra‐abdominal pressure and its relationship with markers of congestion in patients admitted for acute decompensated heart failure. Heart Vessels 2020; 35: 1545–1556.
    1. Schachtrupp A, Toens C, Hoer J, Klosterhalfen B, Lawong AG, Schumpelick V. A 24‐h pneumoperitoneum leads to multiple organ impairment in a porcine model. J Surg Res 2002; 106: 37–45.
    1. Winton FR. Arterial, venous, intrarenal, and extrarenal pressure effects on renal blood flow. Circ Res 1964; 15: 103–109.
    1. Thorington JM, Schmidt CF. A study of urinary output and blood pressure changes resulting in experimental ascites. Am J Med Sci 1923; 165: 880–886.
    1. Toens C, Schachtrupp A, Hoer J, Junge K, Klosterhalfen B, Schumpelick V. A porcine model of the abdominal compartment syndrome. Shock 2002; 18: 316–321.
    1. Doty JM, Saggi BH, Blocher CR, Fakhry I, Gehr T, Sica D, Sugerman HJ. Effects of increased renal parenchymal pressure on renal function. J Trauma 2000; 48: 874–877.
    1. Harman PK, Kron IL, McLachlan HD, Freedlender AE, Nolan SP. Elevated intra‐abdominal pressure and renal function. Ann Surg 1982; 196: 594–597.
    1. Iida N, Seo Y, Sai S, Machino‐Ohtsuka T, Yamamoto M, Ishizu T, Kawakami Y, Aonuma K. Clinical implications of intrarenal hemodynamic evaluation by Doppler ultrasonography in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol HF 2016; 4: 674–682.
    1. Husain‐Syed F, Birk HW, Ronco C, Schormann T, Tello K, Richter MJ, Wilhelm J, Sommer N, Steyerberg E, Bauer P, Walmrath HD, Seeger W, McCullough PA, Gall H, Ghofrani HA. Doppler‐derived renal venous stasis index in the prognosis of right heart failure. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8: e013584.
    1. Firth JD, Raine AE, Ledingham JG. Raised venous pressure: a direct cause of renal sodium retention in oedema? Lancet 1988; 1: 1033–1035.
    1. Winton FR. The influence of venous pressure on the isolated mammalian kidney. J Physiol 1931; 72: 49–61.
    1. Li X, Liu M, Bedja D, Thoburn C, Gabrielson K, Racusen L, Rabb H. Acute renal venous obstruction is more detrimental to the kidney than arterial occlusion: implication for murine models of acute kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 302: F519–F525.
    1. Shimada S, Hirose T, Takahashi C, Sato E, Kinugasa S, Ohsaki Y, Kisu K, Sato H, Ito S, Mori T. Pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms involved in renal congestion in a novel rat model. Sci Rep 2018; 8: 16808.
    1. Haddy FJ, Scott J, Fleishman M, Emanuel D. Effect of change in renal venous pressure upon renal vascular resistance, urine and lymph flow rates. Am J Physiol 1958; 195: 97–110.
    1. Lebrie SJ, Mayerson HS. Influence of elevated venous pressure on flow and composition of renal lymph. Am J Physiol 1960; 198: 1037–1040.
    1. Rohn DA, Stewart RH, Elk JR, Laine GA, Drake RE. Renal lymphatic function following venous pressure elevation. Lymphology 1996; 29: 67–75.
    1. Hall PW 3rd, Selkurt EE. Effects of partial graded venous obstruction on electrolyte clearance by the dog's kidney. Am J Physiol 1951; 164: 143–154.
    1. Doty JM, Saggi BH, Sugerman HJ, Blocher CR, Pin R, Fakhry I, Gehr TW, Sica DA. Effect of increased renal venous pressure on renal function. J Trauma 1999; 47: 1000–1003.
    1. Blake WD, Wégria R, Keating RP, Ward HP. Effect of increased renal venous pressure on renal function. Am J Physiol 1949; 157: 1–13.
    1. Burnett JC Jr, Knox FG. Renal interstitial pressure and sodium excretion during renal vein constriction. Am J Physiol 1980; 238: F279–F282.
    1. Burnett JC Jr, Haas JA, Knox FG. Segmental analysis of sodium reabsorption during renal vein constriction. Am J Physiol 1982; 243: F19–F22.
    1. Huang X, Hamza SM, Zhuang W, Cupples WA, Braam B. Sodium intake but not renal nerves attenuates renal venous pressure‐induced changes in renal hemodynamics in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315: F644–F652.
    1. Gottschalk CW. 23—a review of intrarenal hemodynamics and hydrodynamics In Boyarsky S., Tanagho E. A., Gottschalk C. W., Zimskind P. D., eds. Urodynamics: Hydrodynamics of the Ureter and Renal Pelvis. New York: Academic Press; 1971. p 299–308.
    1. Neal CR, Arkill KP, Bell JS, Betteridge KB, Bates DO, Winlove CP, Salmon AHJ, Harper SJ. Novel hemodynamic structures in the human glomerulus. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315: F1370–F1384.
    1. Oken DE. An analysis of glomerular dynamics in rat, dog, and man. Kidney Int 1982; 22: 136–145.
    1. Mohmand H, Goldfarb S. Renal dysfunction associated with intra‐abdominal hypertension and the abdominal compartment syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2011; 22: 615–621.
    1. Colombo PC, Ganda A, Lin J, Onat D, Harxhi A, Iyasere JE, Uriel N, Cotter G. Inflammatory activation: cardiac, renal, and cardio‐renal interactions in patients with the cardiorenal syndrome. Heart Fail Rev 2012; 17: 177–190.
    1. Nickel N, Perez VAJ, Fessel JP, Cogan J, Hamid R, West JD, de Caestecker M, Yang H, Zamanian RT, Austin E. Low‐grade albuminuria in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Pulm Circ 2019; 9: 2045894018824564.
    1. Wagner MC, Campos‐Bilderback SB, Chowdhury M, Flores B, Lai X, Myslinski J, Pandit S, Sandoval RM, Wean SE, Wei Y, Satlin LM, Wiggins RC, Witzmann FA, Molitoris BA. Proximal tubules have the capacity to regulate uptake of albumin. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27: 482–494.
    1. Vesely DL, Perez‐Lamboy GI, Schocken DD. Long‐acting natriuretic peptide, vessel dilator, and kaliuretic peptide enhance urinary excretion rate of albumin, total protein, and beta(2)‐microglobulin in patients with congestive heart failure. J Card Fail 2001; 7: 55–63.
    1. Jackson CE, Solomon SD, Gerstein HC, Zetterstrand S, Olofsson B, Michelson EL, Granger CB, Swedberg K, Pfeffer MA, Yusuf S, McMurray JJ, CHARM Investigators and Committees . Albuminuria in chronic heart failure: prevalence and prognostic importance. Lancet 2009; 374: 543–550.
    1. Koyama S, Sato Y, Tanada Y, Fujiwara H, Takatsu Y. Early evolution and correlates of urine albumin excretion in patients presenting with acutely decompensated heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2013; 6: 227–232.
    1. Navaneethan SD, Roy J, Tao K, Brecklin CS, Chen J, Deo R, Flack JM, Ojo AO, Plappert TJ, Raj DS, Saydain G, Sondheimer JH, Sood R, Steigerwalt SP, Townsend RR, Dweik RA, Rahman M, Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Investigators . Prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of pulmonary hypertension in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27: 877–886.
    1. Garimella PS, Lee AK, Ambrosius WT, Bhatt U, Cheung AK, Chonchol M, Craven T, Hawfield AT, Jotwani V, Killeen A, Punzi H, Sarnak MJ, Wall BM, Ix JH, Shlipak MG. Markers of kidney tubule function and risk of cardiovascular disease events and mortality in the SPRINT trial. Eur Heart J 2019; 40: 3486–3493.
    1. Jotwani V, Katz R, Ix JH, Gutierrez OM, Bennett M, Parikh CR, Cummings SR, Sarnak MJ, Shlipak MG. Urinary biomarkers of kidney tubular damage and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in elders. Am J Kidney Dis 2018; 72: 205–213.
    1. Cops J, Mullens W, Verbrugge FH, Swennen Q, Reynders C, Penders J, Rigo JM, Hansen D. Selective abdominal venous congestion to investigate cardiorenal interactions in a rat model. PLoS ONE 2018; 13: e0197687.
    1. Owji SM, Nikeghbal E, Moosavi SM. Comparison of ischaemia–reperfusion‐induced acute kidney injury by clamping renal arteries, veins or pedicles in anaesthetized rats. Exp Physiol 2018; 103: 1390–1402.
    1. Faustinella F, Uzoh C, Sheikh‐Hamad D, Truong LD, Olivero JJ. Glomerulomegaly and proteinuria in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol 1997; 8: 1966–1970.
    1. Sato M, Muragaki Y, Saika S, Roberts AB, Ooshima A. Targeted disruption of TGF‐beta1/Smad3 signaling protects against renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction. J Clin Invest 2003; 112: 1486–1494.
    1. Chang Y, Qi X, Li Z, Wang F, Wang S, Zhang Z, Xiao C, Ding T, Yang C. Hepatorenal syndrome: insights into the mechanisms of intra‐abdominal hypertension. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2013; 6: 2523–2528.
    1. Chevalier RL, Forbes MS, Thornhill BA. Ureteral obstruction as a model of renal interstitial fibrosis and obstructive nephropathy. Kidney Int 2009; 75: 1145–1152.
    1. Gilbert RE, Connelly K, Kelly DJ, Pollock CA, Krum H. Heart failure and nephropathy: catastrophic and interrelated complications of diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 1: 193–208.
    1. Rangaswami J, Bhalla V, Blair JEA, Chang TI, Costa S, Lentine KL, Lerma EV, Mezue K, Molitch M, Mullens W, Ronco C, Tang WHW, McCullough PA, American Heart Association Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease , Council on Clinical Cardiology . Cardiorenal syndrome: classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment strategies: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2019; 139: e840–e878.
    1. Kihm LP, Hankel V, Zugck C, Remppis A, Schwenger V. Recompensation of heart and kidney function after treatment with peritoneal dialysis in a case of congestive heart failure. Case Rep Med 2011; 2011: 197816.
    1. Webb DJ, Vachiery JL, Hwang LJ, Maurey JO. Sildenafil improves renal function in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80: 235–241.
    1. Sandner SE, Zimpfer D, Zrunek P, Rajek A, Schima H, Dunkler D, Grimm M, Wolner E, Wieselthaler GM. Renal function and outcome after continuous flow left ventricular assist device implantation. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 87: 1072–1078.
    1. Butler J, Geisberg C, Howser R, Portner PM, Rogers JG, Deng MC, Pierson RN 3rd. Relationship between renal function and left ventricular assist device use. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 81: 1745–1751.
    1. Singh M, Shullo M, Kormos RL, Lockard K, Zomak R, Simon MA, Bermudez C, Bhama J, McNamara D, Toyoda Y, Teuteberg JJ. Impact of renal function before mechanical circulatory support on posttransplant renal outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 91: 1348–1354.
    1. Felker GM, Rogers JG. Same bridge, new destinations rethinking paradigms for mechanical cardiac support in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 930–932.
    1. Zimpfer D, Wieselthaler G, Czerny M, Fakin R, Haider D, Zrunek P, Roethy W, Schima H, Wolner E, Grimm M. Neurocognitive function in patients with ventricular assist devices: a comparison of pulsatile and continuous blood flow devices. ASAIO J 2006; 52: 24–27.
    1. Iwashima Y, Yanase M, Horio T, Seguchi O, Murata Y, Fujita T, Toda K, Kawano Y, Nakatani T. Effect of pulsatile left ventricular assist system implantation on Doppler measurements of renal hemodynamics in patients with advanced heart failure. Artif Organs 2012; 36: 353–358.
    1. Husain‐Syed F, Mucino‐Bermejo MJ, Ronco C, Seeger W, Birk HW. Peritoneal ultrafiltration for refractory fluid overload and ascites due to pulmonary arterial hypertension. Ann Hepatol 2015; 14: 929–932.
    1. Umgelter A, Reindl W, Franzen M, Lenhardt C, Huber W, Schmid RM. Renal resistive index and renal function before and after paracentesis in patients with hepatorenal syndrome and tense ascites. Intensive Care Med 2009; 35: 152–156.
    1. Lu R, Mucino‐Bermejo MJ, Ribeiro LC, Tonini E, Estremadoyro C, Samoni S, Sharma A, Zaragoza Galvan Jde J, Crepaldi C, Brendolan A, Ni Z, Rosner MH, Ronco C. Peritoneal dialysis in patients with refractory congestive heart failure: a systematic review. Cardiorenal Med 2015; 5: 145–156.
    1. Durand PY, Chanliau J, Gamberoni J, Hestin D, Kessler M. Measurement of hydrostatic intraperitoneal pressure: a necessary routine test in peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 1996; 16: S84–S87.
    1. Dejardin A, Robert A, Goffin E. Intraperitoneal pressure in PD patients: relationship to intraperitoneal volume, body size and PD‐related complications. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007; 22: 1437–1444.
    1. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, Falk V, Gonzalez‐Juanatey JR, Harjola VP, Jankowska EA, Jessup M, Linde C, Nihoyannopoulos P, Parissis JT, Pieske B, Riley JP, Rosano GMC, Ruilope LM, Ruschitzka F, Rutten FH, van der Meer P, ESC Scientific Document Group . 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2016; 37: 2129–2200.
    1. Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, Hua L, Handschumacher MD, Chandrasekaran K, Solomon SD, Louie EK, Schiller NB. Guidelines for the echocardiographic assessment of the right heart in adults: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography endorsed by the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010; 23: 685–713 quiz 786‐8.
    1. Kosmala W, Przewlocka‐Kosmala M, Rojek A, Mysiak A, Dabrowski A, Marwick TH. Association of abnormal left ventricular functional reserve with outcome in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 11: 1737–1746.
    1. Kusunose K, Yamada H, Nishio S, Ishii A, Hirata Y, Seno H, Saijo Y, Ise T, Yamaguchi K, Yagi S, Soeki T, Wakatsuki T, Sata M. RV myocardial strain during pre‐load augmentation is associated with exercise capacity in patients with chronic HF. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 10: 1240–1249.
    1. Tello K, Axmann J, Ghofrani HA, Naeije R, Narcin N, Rieth A, Seeger W, Gall H, Richter MJ. Relevance of the TAPSE/PASP ratio in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Int J Cardiol 2018; 266: 229–235.
    1. Guazzi M, Dixon D, Labate V, Beussink‐Nelson L, Bandera F, Cuttica MJ, Shah SJ. RV contractile function and its coupling to pulmonary circulation in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: stratification of clinical phenotypes and outcomes. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 10: 1211–1221.
    1. Bateman GA, Cuganesan R. Renal vein Doppler sonography of obstructive uropathy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002; 178: 921–925.
    1. Kashani KB, Mao SA, Safadi S, Amiot BP, Glorioso JM, Lieske JC, Nyberg SL, Zhang X. Association between kidney intracapsular pressure and ultrasound elastography. Crit Care 2017; 21: 251.
    1. Taniguchi T, Ohtani T, Kioka H, Tsukamoto Y, Onishi T, Nakamoto K, Katsimichas T, Sengoku K, Chimura M, Hashimoto H, Yamaguchi O, Sawa Y, Sakata Y. Liver stiffness reflecting right‐sided filling pressure can predict adverse outcomes in patients with heart failure. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 12: 955–964.
    1. Kraemer M, Rode C, Wizemann V. Detection limit of methods to assess fluid status changes in dialysis patients. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 1609–1620.
    1. Nunez J, Minana G, Nunez E, Chorro FJ, Bodi V, Sanchis J. Clinical utility of antigen carbohydrate 125 in heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2014; 19: 575–584.
    1. Nunez J, Sanchis J, Bodi V, Fonarow GC, Nunez E, Bertomeu‐Gonzalez V, Minana G, Consuegra L, Bosch MJ, Carratala A, Chorro FJ, Llacer A. Improvement in risk stratification with the combination of the tumour marker antigen carbohydrate 125 and brain natriuretic peptide in patients with acute heart failure. Eur Heart J 2010; 31: 1752–1763.
    1. D'Aloia A, Faggiano P, Aurigemma G, Bontempi L, Ruggeri G, Metra M, Nodari S, Dei Cas L. Serum levels of carbohydrate antigen 125 in patients with chronic heart failure: relation to clinical severity, hemodynamic and Doppler echocardiographic abnormalities, and short‐term prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 1805–1811.
    1. Nunez J, Llacer P, Bertomeu‐Gonzalez V, Bosch MJ, Merlos P, Garcia‐Blas S, Montagud V, Bodi V, Bertomeu‐Martinez V, Pedrosa V, Mendizabal A, Cordero A, Gallego J, Palau P, Minana G, Santas E, Morell S, Llacer A, Chorro FJ, Sanchis J, Facila L, Investigators C‐H. Carbohydrate antigen‐125‐guided therapy in acute heart failure: CHANCE‐HF: a randomized study. JACC Heart Fail 2016; 4: 833–843.
    1. Ronco C, Kaushik M, Valle R, Aspromonte N, Peacock WF 4th. Diagnosis and management of fluid overload in heart failure and cardio‐renal syndrome: the “5B” approach. Semin Nephrol 2012; 32: 129–141.
    1. Genot N, Mewton N, Bresson D, Zouaghi O, Francois L, Delwarde B, Kirkorian G, Bonnefoy‐Cudraz E. Bioelectrical impedance analysis for heart failure diagnosis in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2015; 33: 1025–1029.
    1. Massari F, Scicchitano P, Ciccone MM, Caldarola P, Aspromonte N, Iacoviello M, Barro S, Pantano I, Valle R. Bioimpedance vector analysis predicts hospital length of stay in acute heart failure. Nutrition 2019; 61: 56–60.
    1. Santarelli S, Russo V, Lalle I, De Berardinis B, Vetrone F, Magrini L, Di Stasio E, Piccoli A, Codognotto M, Mion MM, Castello LM, Avanzi GC, Di Somma S, network G . Prognostic value of decreased peripheral congestion detected by bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: BIVA prognostic value in acute heart failure. Eur Heart J Acute Cardiovasc Care 2017; 6: 339–347.
    1. Smeets CJP, Lee S, Groenendaal W, Squillace G, Vranken J, De Canniere H, Van Hoof C, Grieten L, Mullens W, Nijst P, Vandervoort PM. The added value of in‐hospital tracking of the efficacy of decongestion therapy and prognostic value of a wearable thoracic impedance sensor in acutely decompensated heart failure with volume overload: prospective cohort study. JMIR Cardio 2020; 4: e12141.
    1. Kervella D, Lemoine S, Sens F, Dubourg L, Sebbag L, Guebre‐Egziabher F, Bonnefoy E, Juillard L. Cystatin C versus creatinine for GFR estimation in CKD due to heart failure. Am J Kidney Dis 2017; 69: 321–323.
    1. Beldhuis IE, Streng KW, van der Meer P, Ter Maaten JM, O'Connor CM, Metra M, Dittrich HC, Ponikowski P, Cotter G, Cleland JGF, Davison BA, Givertz MM, Teerlink JR, Bloomfield DM, Voors AA, Damman K. Trajectories of changes in renal function in patients with acute heart failure. J Card Fail 2019; 25: 866–874.
    1. Testani JM, Cappola TP, Brensinger CM, Shannon RP, Kimmel SE. Interaction between loop diuretic‐associated mortality and blood urea nitrogen concentration in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58: 375–382.
    1. Rao VS, Planavsky N, Hanberg JS, Ahmad T, Brisco‐Bacik MA, Wilson FP, Jacoby D, Chen M, Tang WHW, Cherney DZI, Ellison DH, Testani JM. Compensatory distal reabsorption drives diuretic resistance in human heart failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28: 3414–3424.
    1. Ahmad T, Jackson K, Rao VS, Tang WHW, Brisco‐Bacik MA, Chen HH, Felker GM, Hernandez AF, O'Connor CM, Sabbisetti VS, Bonventre JV, Wilson FP, Coca SG, Testani JM. Worsening renal function in patients with acute heart failure undergoing aggressive diuresis is not associated with tubular injury. Circulation 2018; 137: 2016–2028.
    1. Ghorbani A, Bhambhani V, Christenson RH, Meijers WC, de Boer RA, Levy D, Larson MG, Ho JE. Longitudinal change in galectin‐3 and incident cardiovascular outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 72: 3246–3254.
    1. Alam ML, Katz R, Bellovich KA, Bhat ZY, Brosius FC, de Boer IH, Gadegbeku CA, Gipson DS, Hawkins JJ, Himmelfarb J, Kestenbaum BR, Kretzler M, Robinson‐Cohen C, Steigerwalt SP, Tuegel C, Bansal N. Soluble ST2 and galectin‐3 and progression of CKD. Kidney Int Rep 2019; 4: 103–111.
    1. Threefoot SA, Cabrera‐Gil C, Pearson JE Jr. Collateral circulation, renal function and histology after experimental obstruction of renal veins. Chest 1970; 58: 249–260.
    1. Robinson LS. The collateral circulation following ligation of the inferior vena cava; injection studies in stillborn infants. Surgery 1949; 25: 329–347.
    1. Abraham WT, Stevenson LW, Bourge RC, Lindenfeld JA, Bauman JG, Adamson PB, Group CTS . Sustained efficacy of pulmonary artery pressure to guide adjustment of chronic heart failure therapy: complete follow‐up results from the CHAMPION randomised trial. Lancet 2016; 387: 453–461.
    1. Prajczer S, Heidenreich U, Pfaller W, Kotanko P, Lhotta K, Jennings P. Evidence for a role of uromodulin in chronic kidney disease progression. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25: 1896–1903.

Source: PubMed

Sponsors et collaborateurs

Les conditions médicales

Interventions en matière de drogue

3
S'abonner