Respiratory indications for ECMO: focus on COVID-19

Alexander Supady, Alain Combes, Ryan P Barbaro, Luigi Camporota, Rodrigo Diaz, Eddy Fan, Marco Giani, Carol Hodgson, Catherine L Hough, Christian Karagiannidis, Matthias Kochanek, Ahmed A Rabie, Jordi Riera, Arthur S Slutsky, Daniel Brodie, Alexander Supady, Alain Combes, Ryan P Barbaro, Luigi Camporota, Rodrigo Diaz, Eddy Fan, Marco Giani, Carol Hodgson, Catherine L Hough, Christian Karagiannidis, Matthias Kochanek, Ahmed A Rabie, Jordi Riera, Arthur S Slutsky, Daniel Brodie

Abstract

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is increasingly being used for patients with severe respiratory failure and has received particular attention during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Evidence from two key randomized controlled trials, a subsequent post hoc Bayesian analysis, and meta-analyses support the interpretation of a benefit of ECMO in combination with ultra-lung-protective ventilation for select patients with very severe forms of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). During the pandemic, new evidence has emerged helping to better define the role of ECMO for patients with COVID-19. Results from large cohorts suggest outcomes during the first wave of the pandemic were similar to those in non-COVID-19 cohorts. As the pandemic continued, mortality of patients supported with ECMO has increased. However, the precise reasons for this observation are unclear. Known risk factors for mortality in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients are higher patient age, concomitant extra-pulmonary organ failures or malignancies, prolonged mechanical ventilation before ECMO, less experienced treatment teams and lower ECMO caseloads in the treating center. ECMO is a high resource-dependent support option; therefore, it should be used judiciously, and its availability may need to be constrained when resources are scarce. More evidence from high-quality research is required to better define the role and limitations of ECMO in patients with severe COVID-19.

Keywords: ARDS; Acute respiratory distress syndrome; COVID-19; ECMO; Extracorporeal circulation; Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; Resource limitations; Respiratory failure.

Conflict of interest statement

All authors have completed the ICMJE form (available upon request from the corresponding author). AS reports research grants and lecture fees from CytoSorbents and lecture fees from Abiomed, both outside the submitted work. EF received research support from Abbott and LivaNova and consulting fees from ALung Technologies, Vasomune, Baxter and GE Healthcare. CH is supported by an Australian NHMRC Investigator grant and leads the Australian and New Zealand ECMO Registry. CK received consulting fees from Xenios/ Fresenius and Bayer. He is Chair of the German ICU Registry and President of the German Society of Medical Intensive Care. JR reports lecture and advisory fees from Medtronic and Werfen, outside the submitted work. ASS has been on medical advisory boards for Baxter and Xenios; he is Chair of the Scientific Committee of the Committee of the International ECMO Network (ECMONet). DB receives research support from ALung Technologies. He has been on the medical advisory boards for Abiomed, Xenios, Medtronic, Inspira and Cellenkos. He is the President-elect of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) and the Chair of ECMONet. All other authors report no conflicts of interest.

© 2022. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Mortality rates from selected ECMO cohorts during the first and later waves of the pandemic. In all reported cohorts, mortality rates were reported for variably defined later waves, compared to the first wave. Differences in outcomes between the cohorts may be, at least in part, explained by differences in inclusion and exclusion criteria (see main text for details). Broman et al. and Barbaro et al. reported data from large international cohorts confirming the observation of increasing mortality with the use of ECMO after the first wave of the pandemic. ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Key strategies of care that may be initiated, including consideration of ECMO support in patients with ARDS (non-COVID-19 and COVID-19-related). ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, PEEP positive end-expiratory pressure
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Patient-related and center-associated factors contributing to the risk of mortality in patients supported with venovenous ECMO, with a focus on COVID-19-related ARDS. ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019

References

    1. Brodie D, Slutsky AS, Combes A. Extracorporeal life support for adults with respiratory failure and related indications: a review. JAMA. 2019;322:557–568. doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.9302.
    1. MacLaren G, Fisher D, Brodie D. Preparing for the most critically Ill patients with COVID-19: the potential role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. JAMA. 2020;323:1245–1246. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.2342.
    1. MacLaren G, Fisher D, Brodie D. Treating the most critically Ill patients with COVID-19: the evolving role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. JAMA. 2022;327:31–32. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.22580.
    1. Brodie D, Abrams D, MacLaren G, Brown CE, Evans L, Barbaro RP, Calfee CS, Hough CL, Fowles JA, Karagiannidis C, Slutsky AS, Combes A. ECMO During Respiratory Pandemics: Past, Present, and Future. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 doi: 10.1164/rccm.202111-2661CP.
    1. Peek GJ, Mugford M, Tiruvoipati R, Wilson A, Allen E, Thalanany MM, Hibbert CL, Truesdale A, Clemens F, Cooper N, Firmin RK, Elbourne D, collaboration Ct, Efficacy and economic assessment of conventional ventilatory support versus extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe adult respiratory failure (CESAR): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374:1351–1363. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61069-2.
    1. Abrams D, Brodie D. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for adult respiratory failure: 2017 update. Chest. 2017;152:639–649. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.06.016.
    1. Combes A, Hajage D, Capellier G, Demoule A, Lavoue S, Guervilly C, Da Silva D, Zafrani L, Tirot P, Veber B, Maury E, Levy B, Cohen Y, Richard C, Kalfon P, Bouadma L, Mehdaoui H, Beduneau G, Lebreton G, Brochard L, Ferguson ND, Fan E, Slutsky AS, Brodie D, Mercat A, Eolia Trial Group R, Ecmonet Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:1965–1975. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1800385.
    1. Combes A, Peek GJ, Hajage D, Hardy P, Abrams D, Schmidt M, Dechartres A, Elbourne D. ECMO for severe ARDS: systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:2048–2057. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06248-3.
    1. Goligher EC, Tomlinson G, Hajage D, Wijeysundera DN, Fan E, Juni P, Brodie D, Slutsky AS, Combes A. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and posterior probability of mortality benefit in a post hoc Bayesian analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;320:2251–2259. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.14276.
    1. Munshi L, Walkey A, Goligher E, Pham T, Uleryk EM, Fan E. Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7:163–172. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30452-1.
    1. Sud S, Friedrich JO, Adhikari NKJ, Fan E, Ferguson ND, Guyatt G, Meade MO. Comparative effectiveness of protective ventilation strategies for moderate and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. A network meta-analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;203:1366–1377. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202008-3039OC.
    1. Combes A, Schmidt M, Hodgson CL, Fan E, Ferguson ND, Fraser JF, Jaber S, Pesenti A, Ranieri M, Rowan K, Shekar K, Slutsky AS, Brodie D. Extracorporeal life support for adults with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:2464–2476. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06290-1.
    1. Toomasian JM, Schreiner RJ, Meyer DE, Schmidt ME, Hagan SE, Griffith GW, Bartlett RH, Cook KE. A polymethylpentene fiber gas exchanger for long-term extracorporeal life support. ASAIO J. 2005;51:390–397. doi: 10.1097/01.mat.0000169111.66328.a8.
    1. O'Brien C, Monteagudo J, Schad C, Cheung E, Middlesworth W. Centrifugal pumps and hemolysis in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) patients: an analysis of Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) registry data. J Pediatr Surg. 2017;52:975–978. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.03.022.
    1. Lebreton G, Schmidt M, Ponnaiah M, Folliguet T, Para M, Guihaire J, Lansac E, Sage E, Cholley B, Megarbane B, Cronier P, Zarka J, Da Silva D, Besset S, Morichau-Beauchant T, Lacombat I, Mongardon N, Richard C, Duranteau J, Cerf C, Saiydoun G, Sonneville R, Chiche JD, Nataf P, Longrois D, Combes A, Leprince P, Paris E-C-i Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation network organisation and clinical outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Greater Paris, France: a multicentre cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9:851–862. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00096-5.
    1. Schmidt M, Hajage D, Lebreton G, Monsel A, Voiriot G, Levy D, Baron E, Beurton A, Chommeloux J, Meng P, Nemlaghi S, Bay P, Leprince P, Demoule A, Guidet B, Constantin JM, Fartoukh M, Dres M, Combes A, Groupe de Recherche Clinique en ReSidPeIRaSU, Paris-Sorbonne E-Ci Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8:1121–1131. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30328-3.
    1. Badulak J, Antonini MV, Stead CM, Shekerdemian L, Raman L, Paden ML, Agerstrand C, Bartlett RH, Barrett N, Combes A, Lorusso R, Mueller T, Ogino MT, Peek G, Pellegrino V, Rabie AA, Salazar L, Schmidt M, Shekar K, MacLaren G, Brodie D, Members EC-WG. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for COVID-19: updated 2021 guidelines from the extracorporeal life support organization. ASAIO J. 2021;67:485–495. doi: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000001422.
    1. Davies A, Jones D, Bailey M, Beca J, Bellomo R, Blackwell N, Forrest P, Gattas D, Granger E, Herkes R, Jackson A, McGuinness S, Nair P, Pellegrino V, Pettila V, Plunkett B, Pye R, Torzillo P, Webb S, Wilson M, Ziegenfuss M, Australia, New Zealand Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Influenza I Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for 2009 influenza A(H1N1) acute respiratory distress syndrome. JAMA. 2009;302:1888–1895. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.1535.
    1. Noah MA, Peek GJ, Finney SJ, Griffiths MJ, Harrison DA, Grieve R, Sadique MZ, Sekhon JS, McAuley DF, Firmin RK, Harvey C, Cordingley JJ, Price S, Vuylsteke A, Jenkins DP, Noble DW, Bloomfield R, Walsh TS, Perkins GD, Menon D, Taylor BL, Rowan KM. Referral to an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation center and mortality among patients with severe 2009 influenza A(H1N1) JAMA. 2011;306:1659–1668. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1471.
    1. Pham T, Combes A, Roze H, Chevret S, Mercat A, Roch A, Mourvillier B, Ara-Somohano C, Bastien O, Zogheib E, Clavel M, Constan A, Marie Richard JC, Brun-Buisson C, Brochard L, Network RR. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pandemic influenza A(H1N1)-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome: a cohort study and propensity-matched analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187:276–285. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201205-0815OC.
    1. Henry BM. COVID-19, ECMO, and lymphopenia: a word of caution. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8:e24. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30119-3.
    1. Millar JE, Fanning JP, McDonald CI, McAuley DF, Fraser JF. The inflammatory response to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): a review of the pathophysiology. Crit Care. 2016;20:387. doi: 10.1186/s13054-016-1570-4.
    1. Abrams D, Lorusso R, Vincent JL, Brodie D. ECMO during the COVID-19 pandemic: when is it unjustified? Crit Care. 2020;24:507. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03230-9.
    1. Bartlett RH, Ogino MT, Brodie D, McMullan DM, Lorusso R, MacLaren G, Stead CM, Rycus P, Fraser JF, Belohlavek J, Salazar L, Mehta Y, Raman L, Paden ML. Initial ELSO guidance document: ECMO for COVID-19 patients with severe cardiopulmonary failure. ASAIO J. 2020;66:472–474. doi: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000001173.
    1. Henry BM, Lippi G. Poor survival with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): pooled analysis of early reports. J Crit Care. 2020;58:27–28. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.03.011.
    1. Namendys-Silva SA. ECMO for ARDS due to COVID-19. Heart Lung. 2020;49:348–349. doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.03.012.
    1. Fan E, Beitler JR, Brochard L, Calfee CS, Ferguson ND, Slutsky AS, Brodie D. COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: is a different approach to management warranted? Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8:816–821. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30304-0.
    1. Diaz RA, Graf J, Zambrano JM, Ruiz C, Espinoza JA, Bravo SI, Salazar PA, Bahamondes JC, Castillo LB, Gajardo AIJ, Kursbaum A, Ferreira LL, Valenzuela J, Castillo RE, Perez-Araos RA, Bravo M, Aquevedo AF, Gonzalez MG, Pereira R, Ortega L, Santis C, Fernandez PA, Cortes V, Cornejo RA. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for COVID-19-associated severe acute respiratory distress syndrome in chile: a nationwide incidence and cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;204:34–43. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202011-4166OC.
    1. Rabie AA, Azzam MH, Al-Fares AA, Abdelbary A, Mufti HN, Hassan IF, Chakraborty A, Oza P, Elhazmi A, Alfoudri H, Pooboni SK, Alharthy A, Brodie D, Zakhary B, Shekar K, Antonini MV, Barrett NA, Peek G, Combes A, Arabi YM. Implementation of new ECMO centers during the COVID-19 pandemic: experience and results from the Middle East and India. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47:887–895. doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06451-w.
    1. Lorusso R, Combes A, Lo Coco V, De Piero ME, Belohlavek J, Euro EC-W, Euro ESC. ECMO for COVID-19 patients in Europe and Israel. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47:344–348. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06272-3.
    1. Barbaro RP, MacLaren G, Boonstra PS, Iwashyna TJ, Slutsky AS, Fan E, Bartlett RH, Tonna JE, Hyslop R, Fanning JJ, Rycus PT, Hyer SJ, Anders MM, Agerstrand CL, Hryniewicz K, Diaz R, Lorusso R, Combes A, Brodie D, Extracorporeal Life Support O. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in COVID-19: an international cohort study of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry. Lancet. 2020;396:1071–1078. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32008-0.
    1. Karagiannidis C, Slutsky AS, Bein T, Windisch W, Weber-Carstens S, Brodie D. Complete countrywide mortality in COVID patients receiving ECMO in Germany throughout the first three waves of the pandemic. Crit Care. 2021;25:413. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03831-y.
    1. Barbaro RP, Odetola FO, Kidwell KM, Paden ML, Bartlett RH, Davis MM, Annich GM. Association of hospital-level volume of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cases and mortality. Analysis of the extracorporeal life support organization registry. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:894–901. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201409-1634OC.
    1. Barbaro RP, MacLaren G, Boonstra PS, Combes A, Agerstrand C, Annich G, Diaz R, Fan E, Hryniewicz K, Lorusso R, Paden ML, Stead CM, Swol J, Iwashyna TJ, Slutsky AS, Brodie D, Extracorporeal Life Support O. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for COVID-19: evolving outcomes from the international Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry. Lancet. 2021;398:1230–1238. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01960-7.
    1. Bercker S, Petroff D, Polze N, Karagianidis C, Bein T, Laudi S, Stehr SN, Voelker MT. ECMO use in Germany: an analysis of 29,929 ECMO runs. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0260324. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260324.
    1. Supady A, Biever PM, Staudacher DL, Wengenmayer T. Choosing the right reference cohort for assessing outcome of venovenous ECMO. Crit Care. 2022;26:17. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03880-3.
    1. Riera J, Roncon-Albuquerque R, Jr, Fuset MP, Alcantara S, Blanco-Schweizer P, Group ES Increased mortality in patients with COVID-19 receiving extracorporeal respiratory support during the second wave of the pandemic. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47:1490–1493. doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06517-9.
    1. Schmidt M, Langouet E, Hajage D, James SA, Chommeloux J, Brechot N, Barhoum P, Lefevre L, Troger A, de Chambrun MP, Hekimian G, Luyt CE, Dres M, Constantin JM, Fartoukh M, Leprince P, Lebreton G, Combes A, Universite GRS. Evolving outcomes of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for severe COVID-19 ARDS in Sorbonne hospitals. Paris Crit Care. 2021;25:355. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03780-6.
    1. Broman LM, Eksborg S, Lo Coco V, De Piero ME, Belohlavek J, Lorusso R, Euro EC-WG, Euro ESC. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for COVID-19 during first and second waves. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9:e80–e81. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00262-9.
    1. Hajage D, Combes A, Guervilly C, Lebreton G, Mercat A, Pavot A, Nseir S, Mekontso-Dessap A, Mongardon N, Mira JP, Ricard JD, Beurton A, Tachon G, Kontar L, Le Terrier C, Richard JC, Megarbane B, Keogh RH, Belot A, Maringe C, Leyrat C, Schmidt M, Investigators C-I Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with COVID-19: an emulated target trial analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 doi: 10.1164/rccm.202111-2495OC.
    1. Shaefi S, Brenner SK, Gupta S, O'Gara BP, Krajewski ML, Charytan DM, Chaudhry S, Mirza SH, Peev V, Anderson M, Bansal A, Hayek SS, Srivastava A, Mathews KS, Johns TS, Leonberg-Yoo A, Green A, Arunthamakun J, Wille KM, Shaukat T, Singh H, Admon AJ, Semler MW, Hernan MA, Mueller AL, Wang W, Leaf DE, Investigators S-C. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with severe respiratory failure from COVID-19. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47:208–221. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06331-9.
    1. Urner M, Barnett AG, Bassi GL, Brodie D, Dalton HJ, Ferguson ND, Heinsar S, Hodgson CL, Peek G, Shekar K, Suen JY, Fraser JF, Fan E, Investigators C-CCC. Venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with acute covid-19 associated respiratory failure: comparative effectiveness study. BMJ. 2022;377:e068723. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2021-068723.
    1. Hernán MA. How to estimate the effect of treatment duration on survival outcomes using observational data. BMJ. 2018;360:k182. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k182.
    1. Hernán MA, Robins JM. Using big data to emulate a target trial when a randomized trial is not available. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;183:758–764. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwv254.
    1. Network C-IGobotR, the C-ICUI Clinical characteristics and day-90 outcomes of 4244 critically ill adults with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47:60–73. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06294-x.
    1. Ferreyro BL, Fan E. Turning the page on ECMO for ARDS due to severe COVID-19. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 doi: 10.1164/rccm.202205-0906ED.
    1. Gannon WD, Stokes JW, Francois SA, Patel YJ, Pugh ME, Benson C, Rice TW, Bacchetta M, Semler MW, Casey JD. Association between availability of ECMO and mortality in COVID-19 patients eligible for ECMO: a natural experiment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 doi: 10.1164/rccm.202110-2399LE.
    1. Whebell S, Zhang J, Lewis R, Berry M, Ledot S, Retter A, Camporota L. Survival benefit of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in severe COVID-19: a multi-centre-matched cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48:467–478. doi: 10.1007/s00134-022-06645-w.
    1. Abrams D, Ferguson ND, Brochard L, Fan E, Mercat A, Combes A, Pellegrino V, Schmidt M, Slutsky AS, Brodie D. ECMO for ARDS: from salvage to standard of care? Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7:108–110. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30506-X.
    1. Supady A, Badulak J, Evans L, Curtis JR, Brodie D. Should we ration extracorporeal membrane oxygenation during the COVID-19 pandemic? Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9:326–328. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00131-4.
    1. Karagiannidis C, Strassmann S, Merten M, Bein T, Windisch W, Meybohm P, Weber-Carstens S. High in-hospital mortality rate in patients with COVID-19 receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in Germany: a critical analysis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;204:991–994. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202105-1145LE.
    1. Riera J, Alcantara S, Bonilla C, Fortuna P, Blandino Ortiz A, Vaz A, Albacete C, Millan P, Ricart P, Boado MV, Ruiz de Gopegui P, Santa Teresa P, Sandoval E, Perez-Chomon H, Gonzalez-Perez A, Duerto J, Gimeno R, Colomina J, Gomez V, Renedo G, Naranjo J, Garcia MA, Rodriguez-Ruiz E, Silva PE, Perez D, Veganzones J, Voces R, Martinez S, Blanco-Schweizer P, Garcia M, Villanueva-Fernandez H, Fuset MP, Luna SM, Martinez-Martinez M, Argudo E, Chiscano L, Roncon-Albuquerque R., Jr Risk factors for mortality in patients with COVID-19 needing extracorporeal respiratory support. Eur Respir J. 2022 doi: 10.1183/13993003.02463-2021.
    1. Ahmad Q, Green A, Chandel A, Lantry J, Desai M, Simou J, Osborn E, Singh R, Puri N, Moran P, Dalton H, Speir A, King C. Impact of noninvasive respiratory support in patients with COVID-19 requiring V-V ECMO. ASAIO J. 2022;68:171–177. doi: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000001626.
    1. Papazian L, Schmidt M, Hajage D, Combes A, Petit M, Lebreton G, Rilinger J, Giani M, Le Breton C, Duburcq T, Jozwiak M, Wengenmayer T, Roux D, Parke R, Loundou A, Guervilly C, Boyer L. Effect of prone positioning on survival in adult patients receiving venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48:270–280. doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06604-x.
    1. Giani M, Rezoagli E, Guervilly C, Rilinger J, Duburcq T, Petit M, Textoris L, Garcia B, Wengenmayer T, Grasselli G, Pesenti A, Combes A, Foti G, Schmidt M, EuroPron EI. Prone positioning during venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled individual patient data analysis. Crit Care. 2022;26:8. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03879-w.
    1. Zaaqoq AM, Barnett AG, Griffee MJ, MacLaren G, Jacobs JP, Heinsar S, Suen JY, Bassi GL, Fraser JF, Dalton HJ, Peek GJ, Consortium C-CC Beneficial effect of prone positioning during venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for coronavirus disease 2019. Crit Care Med. 2022;50:275–285. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005296.
    1. National Heart L, Blood Institute PCTN, Moss M, Huang DT, Brower RG, Ferguson ND, Ginde AA, Gong MN, Grissom CK, Gundel S, Hayden D, Hite RD, Hou PC, Hough CL, Iwashyna TJ, Khan A, Liu KD, Talmor D, Thompson BT, Ulysse CA, Yealy DM, Angus DC. Early neuromuscular blockade in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:1997–2008. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1901686.
    1. Slutsky AS, Villar J. Early paralytic agents for ARDS? Yes, no, and sometimes. N Engl J Med. 2019;380:2061–2063. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe1905627.
    1. Grasselli G, Tonetti T, Protti A, Langer T, Girardis M, Bellani G, Laffey J, Carrafiello G, Carsana L, Rizzuto C, Zanella A, Scaravilli V, Pizzilli G, Grieco DL, Di Meglio L, de Pascale G, Lanza E, Monteduro F, Zompatori M, Filippini C, Locatelli F, Cecconi M, Fumagalli R, Nava S, Vincent JL, Antonelli M, Slutsky AS, Pesenti A, Ranieri VM, Collaborators Pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multicentre prospective observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8:1201–1208. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30370-2.
    1. Ferrando C, Suarez-Sipmann F, Mellado-Artigas R, Hernandez M, Gea A, Arruti E, Aldecoa C, Martinez-Palli G, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Slutsky AS, Villar J, Network C-SI. Clinical features, ventilatory management, and outcome of ARDS caused by COVID-19 are similar to other causes of ARDS. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:2200–2211. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06192-2.
    1. Goligher EC, Ranieri VM, Slutsky AS. Is severe COVID-19 pneumonia a typical or atypical form of ARDS? And does it matter? Intensive Care Med. 2021;47:83–85. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06320-y.
    1. Chiumello D, Busana M, Coppola S, Romitti F, Formenti P, Bonifazi M, Pozzi T, Palumbo MM, Cressoni M, Herrmann P, Meissner K, Quintel M, Camporota L, Marini JJ, Gattinoni L. Physiological and quantitative CT-scan characterization of COVID-19 and typical ARDS: a matched cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:2187–2196. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06281-2.
    1. Abrams D, Schmidt M, Pham T, Beitler JR, Fan E, Goligher EC, McNamee JJ, Patroniti N, Wilcox ME, Combes A, Ferguson ND, McAuley DF, Pesenti A, Quintel M, Fraser J, Hodgson CL, Hough CL, Mercat A, Mueller T, Pellegrino V, Ranieri VM, Rowan K, Shekar K, Brochard L, Brodie D. Mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome during extracorporeal life support. Research and practice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201:514–525. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201907-1283CI.
    1. Loyalka P, Cheema FH, Rao H, Rame JE, Rajagopal K. Early usage of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the absence of invasive mechanical ventilation to treat COVID-19-related hypoxemic respiratory failure. ASAIO J. 2021;67:392–394. doi: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000001393.
    1. Schmidt M, de Chambrun MP, Lebreton G, Hekimian G, Chommeloux J, Brechot N, Barhoum P, Lefevre L, Juvin C, Molle J, Luyt CE, Combes A. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation instead of invasive mechanical ventilation in a patient with severe COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;203:1571–1573. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202102-0259LE.
    1. Mang S, Reyher C, Mutlak H, Natanov R, Lotz C, Gill-Schuster D, Bals R, Danziger G, Meybohm P, Combes A, Kuhn C, Lepper PM, Muellenbach RM, Group AW-S Awake extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for COVID-19-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;205:847–851. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202105-1189LE.
    1. Abrams D, Madahar P, Eckhardt CM, Short B, Yip NH, Parekh M, Serra A, Dubois RL, Saleem D, Agerstrand C, Scala P, Benvenuto L, Arcasoy SM, Sonett JR, Takeda K, Meier A, Beck J, Ryan P, Fan E, Hodgson CL, Bacchetta M, Brodie D, Investigators M-P. Early mobilization during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiopulmonary failure in adults: factors associated with intensity of treatment. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2022;19:90–98. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202102-151OC.
    1. Investigators E-PS, International EN Early mobilisation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was safe and feasible: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:1057–1059. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-05994-8.
    1. Mustafa AK, Alexander PJ, Joshi DJ, Tabachnick DR, Cross CA, Pappas PS, Tatooles AJ. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for patients with COVID-19 in severe respiratory failure. JAMA Surg. 2020;155:990–992. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2020.3950.
    1. Fekkar A, Lampros A, Mayaux J, Poignon C, Demeret S, Constantin JM, Marcelin AG, Monsel A, Luyt CE, Blaize M. Occurrence of invasive pulmonary fungal infections in patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to the ICU. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;203:307–317. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202009-3400OC.
    1. Garcia-Vidal C, Sanjuan G, Moreno-García E, Puerta-Alcalde P, Garcia-Pouton N, Chumbita M, Fernandez-Pittol M, Pitart C, Inciarte A, Bodro M, Morata L, Ambrosioni J, Grafia I, Meira F, Macaya I, Cardozo C, Casals C, Tellez A, Castro P, Marco F, García F, Mensa J, Martínez JA, Soriano A. Incidence of co-infections and superinfections in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021;27:83–88. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.07.041.
    1. Pickens CO, Gao CA, Cuttica MJ, Smith SB, Pesce LL, Grant RA, Kang M, Morales-Nebreda L, Bavishi AA, Arnold JM, Pawlowski A, Qi C, Budinger GRS, Singer BD, Wunderink RG. Bacterial superinfection pneumonia in patients mechanically ventilated for COVID-19 pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021;204:921–932. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202106-1354OC.
    1. Doyle AJ, Hunt BJ, Sanderson B, Zhang J, Mak SM, Benedetti G, Breen KA, Camporota L, Barrett NA, Retter A. A comparison of thrombosis and hemorrhage rates in patients with severe respiratory failure due to coronavirus disease 2019 and influenza requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care Med. 2021;49:e663–e672. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005199.
    1. Jimenez D, Garcia-Sanchez A, Rali P, Muriel A, Bikdeli B, Ruiz-Artacho P, Le Mao R, Rodriguez C, Hunt BJ, Monreal M. Incidence of VTE and bleeding among hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest. 2021;159:1182–1196. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.11.005.
    1. Nunez JI, Gosling AF, O'Gara B, Kennedy KF, Rycus P, Abrams D, Brodie D, Shaefi S, Garan AR, Grandin EW. Bleeding and thrombotic events in adults supported with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an ELSO registry analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2022;48:213–224. doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06593-x.
    1. McMichael ABV, Ryerson LM, Ratano D, Fan E, Faraoni D, Annich GM. 2021 ELSO adult and pediatric anticoagulation guidelines. ASAIO J. 2022;68:303–310. doi: 10.1097/MAT.0000000000001652.
    1. Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:846–848. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-05991-x.
    1. Supady A, Duerschmied D, Bode C, Rieder M, Lother A. Extracorporeal cytokine adsorption as an alternative to pharmacological inhibition of IL-6 in COVID-19. Crit Care. 2020;24:514. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-03238-1.
    1. Rieder M, Zahn T, Benk C, Lother A, Bode C, Staudacher D, Duerschmied D, Supady A. Cytokine adsorption in a patient with severe coronavirus disease 2019 related acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy: a case report. Artif Organs. 2021;45:191–194. doi: 10.1111/aor.13805.
    1. Song T, Hayanga J, Durham L, Garrison L, McCarthy P, Barksdale A, Smith D, Bartlett R, Jaros M, Nelson P, Molnar Z, Deliargyris E, Moazami N. CytoSorb therapy in COVID-19 (CTC) patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: a multicenter, retrospective registry. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021;8:773461. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.773461.
    1. Supady A, Weber E, Rieder M, Lother A, Niklaus T, Zahn T, Frech F, Muller S, Kuhl M, Benk C, Maier S, Trummer G, Flugler A, Kruger K, Sekandarzad A, Stachon P, Zotzmann V, Bode C, Biever PM, Staudacher D, Wengenmayer T, Graf E, Duerschmied D. Cytokine adsorption in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (CYCOV): a single centre, open-label, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9:755–762. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00177-6.
    1. Bharat A, Machuca TN, Querrey M, Kurihara C, Garza-Castillon R, Jr, Kim S, Manerikar A, Pelaez A, Pipkin M, Shahmohammadi A, Rackauskas M, Kg SR, Balakrishnan KR, Jindal A, Schaheen L, Hashimi S, Buddhdev B, Arjuna A, Rosso L, Palleschi A, Lang C, Jaksch P, Budinger GRS, Nosotti M, Hoetzenecker K. Early outcomes after lung transplantation for severe COVID-19: a series of the first consecutive cases from four countries. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9:487–497. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00077-1.
    1. Kurihara C, Manerikar A, Querrey M, Felicelli C, Yeldandi A, Garza-Castillon R, Jr, Lung K, Kim S, Ho B, Tomic R, Arunachalam A, Budinger GRS, Pesce L, Bharat A. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome who underwent lung transplant. JAMA. 2022;327:652–661. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.0204.
    1. Emanuel EJ, Persad G, Upshur R, Thome B, Parker M, Glickman A, Zhang C, Boyle C, Smith M, Phillips JP. Fair allocation of scarce medical resources in the time of covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2049–2055. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsb2005114.
    1. Supady A, Curtis JR, Brown CE, Duerschmied D, von Zepelin LA, Moss M, Brodie D. Ethical obligations for supporting healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur Respir J. 2021 doi: 10.1183/13993003.00124-2021.
    1. Supady A, Curtis JR, Abrams D, Lorusso R, Bein T, Boldt J, Brown CE, Duerschmied D, Metaxa V, Brodie D. Allocating scarce intensive care resources during the COVID-19 pandemic: practical challenges to theoretical frameworks. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9:430–434. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30580-4.
    1. Ramanathan K, Antognini D, Combes A, Paden M, Zakhary B, Ogino M, MacLaren G, Brodie D, Shekar K. Planning and provision of ECMO services for severe ARDS during the COVID-19 pandemic and other outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8:518–526. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30121-1.
    1. Supady A, Brodie D, Curtis JR. Ten things to consider when implementing rationing guidelines during a pandemic. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47:605–608. doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06374-6.

Source: PubMed

Sponsors et collaborateurs

Les conditions médicales

Interventions en matière de drogue

3
S'abonner