Motivation as a Measurable Outcome in Stroke Rehabilitation: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Giulio Verrienti, Cecilia Raccagni, Ginevra Lombardozzi, Daniela De Bartolo, Marco Iosa, Giulio Verrienti, Cecilia Raccagni, Ginevra Lombardozzi, Daniela De Bartolo, Marco Iosa

Abstract

Motivated behaviours are thought to lead to enhanced performances. In the neurorehabilitation field, motivation has been demonstrated to be a link between cognition and motor performance, therefore playing an important role upon rehabilitation outcome determining factors. While motivation-enhancing interventions have been frequently investigated, a common and reliable motivation assessment strategy has not been established yet. This review aims to systematically explore and provide a comparison among the existing motivation assessment tools concerning stroke rehabilitation. For this purpose, a literature search (PubMed and Google Scholar) was performed, using the following Medical Subject Headings terms: "assessment" OR "scale" AND "motivation" AND "stroke" AND "rehabilitation". In all, 31 randomized clinical trials and 15 clinical trials were examined. The existing assessment tools can be grouped into two categories: the first mirroring the trade-off between patients and rehabilitation, the latter reflecting the link between patients and interventions. Furthermore, we presented assessment tools which reflect participation level or apathy, as an indirect index of motivation. In conclusion, we are left to put forth a possible common motivation assessment strategy, which might provide valuable incentive to investigate in future research.

Keywords: apathy; motivation; neurorehabilitation; participation; performance; stroke.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow diagram of study inclusion.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Used motivation assessment tools. Abbreviations: IMI: Intrinsic Motivation Inventory; AES: Apathy Evaluation Scale; MHLC: Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale; CES-D10: 10-item Center for the Epidemiological Studies of Depression Short Form; BREQ-3: Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire; SMSC: Sport- and Movement-Specific Self-Concordance Scale; GDS-15: Geriatric Depression Scale—15 items; MAPS: echelle de Motivation envers l’Activité Physique en context de Santé; SRMS: Stroke Rehabilitation Motivation Scale; QCM: Questionnaire for Current Motivation; VI: Vitality Index; RMS: Rehabilitation Motivation Scale; PRPS: Pittsburgh Rehabilitation Participation Scale; PS: Participation Scale; MRS: Motivation of Rehabilitation Scale; VAS: Visual Analogic Scale.

References

    1. Schunk D.H., Meece J.L., Pintrich P.R. Motivation in Education: Theory, Research, and Applications. 4th ed. Pearson; Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: 2014.
    1. Ryan R.M., Deci E. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Contemp. Educ. Psychol. 2000;25:54–67. doi: 10.1006/ceps.1999.1020.
    1. Deci E.L., Olafsen A.H., Ryan R.M. Self-Determination Theory in Work Organizations: The State of a Science. Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav. 2017;4:19–43. doi: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113108.
    1. Steers R.M., Mowday R.T., Shapiro D.L. Introduction to Special Topic Forum: The Future of Work Motivation Theory. Acad. Manag. Rev. 2004;29:379–387. doi: 10.2307/20159049.
    1. Latham G.P. Work Motivation: History, Theory, Research, and Practice. Sage Publications, Inc.; Newbury Park, CA, USA: 2007.
    1. Tohidi H., Jabbari M.M. The effects of motivation in education. Procedia-Soc. Behav. Sci. 2012;31:820–824. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.12.148.
    1. Stirling D. Motivation in Education. Aichi Univ. Engl. Educ. Res. J. 2013;29:51–72.
    1. Gillison F.B., Rouse P., Standage M., Sebire S.J., Ryan R.M. A meta-analysis of techniques to promote motivation for health behaviour change from a self-determination theory perspective. Health Psychol. Rev. 2019;13:110–130. doi: 10.1080/17437199.2018.1534071.
    1. Maclean N., Pound P. A critical review of the concept of patient motivation in the literature on physical rehabilitation. Soc. Sci. Med. 2000;50:495–506. doi: 10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00334-2.
    1. Deci E.L., Ryan R.M. Motivation, personality, and development within embedded social contexts: An overview of self-determination theory. In: Ryan R.M., editor. The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation. Oxford University Press; New York, NY, USA: 2012. pp. 85–107.
    1. Bandura A. Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Perspective. Princeton-Hall; Princeton, NJ, USA: 1986. p. 391.
    1. Locke E.A., Latham G.P. Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. Am. Psychol. 2002;57:705–717. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705.
    1. Deci E., Ryan R.M. Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. Plenum; New York, NY, USA: 1985.
    1. Ryan R.M., Deci E.L. Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. Am. Psychol. 2020;55:68–78. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68.
    1. Bandura A. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. W. H. Freeman and Company; New York, NY, USA: 1997.
    1. Locke E.A., Latham G.P. New Developments in Goal Setting and Task Performance. 1st ed. Routledge; New York, NY, USA: 2012.
    1. Dweck C.S., Leggett E.L. A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychol. Rev. 1988;95:256–273. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.256.
    1. Salter K., Hellings C., Foley N., Teasell R. The experience of living with stroke: A qualitative meta-synthesis. J. Rehabil. Med. 2008;40:595–602. doi: 10.2340/16501977-0238.
    1. Hafsteinsdottir T., Grypdonck M. Being a stroke patient: A review of the literature. J. Adv. Nurs. 1997;26:580–588. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.t01-19-00999.x.
    1. World Health Organization Health Topics: Rehabilitation. [(accessed on 1 August 2022)]. Available online:
    1. Kusec A., Velikonja D., DeMatteo C., Harris J.E. Motivation in rehabilitation and acquired brain injury: Can theory help us understand it? Disabil. Rehabil. 2018;41:2343–2349. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1467504.
    1. Yoshida T., Otaka Y., Osu R., Kumagai M., Kitamura S., Yaeda J. Motivation for Rehabilitation in Patients With Subacute Stroke: A Qualitative Study. Front. Rehabil. Sci. 2021;2:664758. doi: 10.3389/fresc.2021.664758.
    1. Oh S.Y., Hwang S.Y., Chung M.L., Lennie T.A. A Prediction Model of Rehabilitation Motivation in Middle-Aged Survivors of Stroke in Rehabilitation Facilities in Korea. J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 2020;35:475–482. doi: 10.1097/JCN.0000000000000656.
    1. Teixeira P.J., Carraça E.V., Markland D., Silva M.N., Ryan R.M. Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: A systematic review. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2012;9:78. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-78.
    1. Silva M.N., Markland D., Carraça E., Vieira P.N., Coutinho S.R., Minderico C., de Matos M.G., Sardinha L., Teixeira P. Exercise Autonomous Motivation Predicts 3-yr Weight Loss in Women. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2011;43:728–737. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181f3818f.
    1. Maclean N., Pound P., Wolfe C., Rudd A. Qualitative analysis of stroke patients’ motivation for rehabilitation. BMJ. 2000;321:1051–1054. doi: 10.1136/bmj.321.7268.1051.
    1. Cerasoli C.P., Nicklin J.M., Ford M.T. Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 2014;140:980–1008. doi: 10.1037/a0035661.
    1. Leonardi M., Fheodoroff K. Goal Setting with ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) and Multidisciplinary Team Approach in Stroke Rehabilitation. In: Platz T., editor. Clinical Pathways in Stroke Rehabil.: Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Recommendations. Springer; Cham, Switzerland: 2021.
    1. Studer B., Van Dijk H., Handermann R., Knecht S. Increasing self-directed training in neurorehabilitation patients through competition. Prog. Brain Res. 2016;229:367–388. doi: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.06.012.
    1. Baur K., Schättin A., de Bruin E.D., Riener R., Duarte J.E., Wolf P. Trends in robot-assisted and virtual reality-assisted neuromuscular therapy: A systematic review of health-related multiplayer games. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 2018;15:107. doi: 10.1186/s12984-018-0449-9.
    1. Siegert R.J., Taylor W.J. Theoretical aspects of goal-setting and motivation in rehabilitation. Disabil. Rehabil. 2004;26:1–8. doi: 10.1080/09638280410001644932.
    1. Playford E.D., Siegert R., Levack W., Freeman J. Areas of consensus and controversy about goal setting in rehabilitation: A conference report. Clin. Rehabil. 2009;23:334–344. doi: 10.1177/0269215509103506.
    1. Levack W.M., Weatherall M., Hay-Smith E.J.C., Dean S.G., McPherson K., Siegert R.J. Goal setting and strategies to enhance goal pursuit for adults with acquired disability participating in rehabilitation. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2015;2015:CD009727. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009727.pub2.
    1. Rosewilliam S., Roskell C.A., Pandyan A. A systematic review and synthesis of the quantitative and qualitative evidence behind patient-centred goal setting in stroke rehabilitation. Clin. Rehabil. 2011;25:501–514. doi: 10.1177/0269215510394467.
    1. Wressle E., Eeg-Olofsson A.-M., Marcusson J., Henriksson C. Improved client participation in the rehabilitation process using a client-centred goal formulation structure. J. Rehabil. Med. 2002;34:5–11. doi: 10.1080/165019702317242640.
    1. Combs S.A., Kelly S.P., Barton R., Ivaska M., Nowak K. Effects of an intensive, task-specific rehabilitation program for individuals with chronic stroke: A case series. Disabil. Rehabil. 2010;32:669–678. doi: 10.3109/09638280903242716.
    1. Hillig T., Ma H., Dorsch S. Goal-oriented instructions increase the intensity of practice in stroke rehabilitation compared with non-specific instructions: A within-participant, repeated measures experimental study. J. Physiother. 2019;65:95–98. doi: 10.1016/j.jphys.2019.02.007.
    1. Frost Y., Weingarden H., Zeilig G., Nota A., Rand D. Self-Care Self-Efficacy Correlates with Independence in Basic Activities of Daily Living in Individuals with Chronic Stroke. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2015;24:1649–1655. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.03.054.
    1. Bailey R.R. Self-Efficacy, Self-Regulation, Social Support, and Outcomes Expectations for Daily Physical Activity in Adults with Chronic Stroke: A Descriptive, Exploratory Study. Occup. Ther. Health Care. 2019;33:129–141. doi: 10.1080/07380577.2018.1558326.
    1. Stewart J.C., Lewthwaite R., Rocktashel J., Winstein C. Self-efficacy and Reach Performance in Individuals With Mild Motor Impairment Due to Stroke. Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair. 2019;33:319–328. doi: 10.1177/1545968319836231.
    1. Caetano L.C.G., Pacheco B.D., Samora G.A.R., Teixeira-Salmela L.F., Scianni A.A. Self-Efficacy to Engage in Physical Exercise and Walking Ability Best Predicted Exercise Adherence after Stroke. Stroke Res. Treat. 2020;2020:2957623. doi: 10.1155/2020/2957623.
    1. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. [(accessed on 10 October 2022)]. Available online: .
    1. Bessa N.P.O.S., Filho B.F.D.L., De Medeiros C.S.P., Ribeiro T.S., Campos T.F., Cavalcanti F.A.D.C. Effects of exergames training on postural balance in patients who had a chronic stroke: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2020;10:e038593. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038593.
    1. Bergmann J., Krewer C., Bauer P., Koenig A., Riener R., Müller F. Virtual reality to augment robot-assisted gait training in non-ambulatory patients with a subacute stroke: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 2018;54:397–407. doi: 10.23736/S1973-9087.17.04735-9.
    1. Winter C., Kern F., Gall D., Latoschik M.E., Pauli P., Käthner I. Immersive virtual reality during gait rehabilitation increases walking speed and motivation: A usability evaluation with healthy participants and patients with multiple sclerosis and stroke. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 2021;18:68. doi: 10.1186/s12984-021-00848-w.
    1. Guillén-Climent S., Garzo A., Muñoz-Alcaraz M.N., Casado-Adam P., Arcas-Ruiz-Ruano J., Mejías-Ruiz M., Mayordomo-Riera F.J. A usability study in patients with stroke using MERLIN, a robotic system based on serious games for upper limb rehabilitation in the home setting. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 2021;18:41. doi: 10.1186/s12984-021-00837-z.
    1. Navarro M.D., Llorens R., Borrego A., Alcañiz M., Noé E., Ferri J. Competition Enhances the Effectiveness and Motivation of Attention Rehabilitation After Stroke. A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2020;14:575403. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.575403.
    1. Swinnen E., Lefeber N., Willaert W., De Neef F., Bruyndonckx L., Spooren A., Michielsen M., Ramon T., Kerckhofs E. Motivation, expectations, and usability of a driven gait orthosis in stroke patients and their therapists. Top. Stroke Rehabil. 2017;24:299–308. doi: 10.1080/10749357.2016.1266750.
    1. Prange G.B., Kottink A.I.R., Buurke J.H., Eckhardt M.M.E.M., Van Keulen-Rouweler B.J., Ribbers G.M., Rietman J.S. The Effect of Arm Support Combined With Rehabilitation Games on Upper-Extremity Function in Subacute Stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair. 2015;29:174–182. doi: 10.1177/1545968314535985.
    1. Johar M.N.M., Nordin N.A.M., Aziz A.F.A. The effect of game-based in comparison to conventional circuit exercise on functions, motivation level, self-efficacy and quality of life among stroke survivors. Medicine. 2022;101:e28580. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000028580.
    1. Hung N.T., Paul V., Prakash P., Kovach T., Tacy G., Tomic G., Park S., Jacobson T., Jampol A., Patel P., et al. Wearable myoelectric interface enables high-dose, home-based training in severely impaired chronic stroke survivors. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 2021;8:1895–1905. doi: 10.1002/acn3.51442.
    1. Thielbar K.O., Triandafilou K.M., Barry A., Yuan N., Nishimoto A., Johnson J., Stoykov M.E., Tsoupikova D., Kamper D.G. Home-based Upper Extremity Stroke Therapy Using a Multiuser Virtual Reality Environment: A Randomized Trial. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2020;101:196–203. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2019.10.182.
    1. Nijenhuis S.M., Prange G.B., Amirabdollahian F., Sale P., Infarinato F., Nasr N., Mountain G., Hermens H.J., Stienen A.H.A., Buurke J.H., et al. Feasibility study into self-administered training at home using an arm and hand device with motivational gaming environment in chronic stroke. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 2015;12:89. doi: 10.1186/s12984-015-0080-y.
    1. Nijenhuis S.M., Prange-Lasonder G.B., Stienen A.H., Rietman J.S., Buurke J.H. Effects of training with a passive hand orthosis and games at home in chronic stroke: A pilot randomised controlled trial. Clin. Rehabil. 2017;31:207–216. doi: 10.1177/0269215516629722.
    1. Subramaniam S., Hui-Chan C.W.-Y., Bhatt T. A Cognitive-Balance Control Training Paradigm Using Wii Fit to Reduce Fall Risk in Chronic Stroke Survivors. J. Neurol. Phys. Ther. 2014;38:216–225. doi: 10.1097/NPT.0000000000000056.
    1. Friedman N., Chan V., Reinkensmeyer A.N., Beroukhim A., Zambrano G.J., Bachman M., Reinkensmeyer D.J. Retraining and assessing hand movement after stroke using the MusicGlove: Comparison with conventional hand therapy and isometric grip training. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 2014;11:76. doi: 10.1186/1743-0003-11-76.
    1. Lloréns R., Noé E., Colomer C., Alcañiz M. Effectiveness, Usability, and Cost-Benefit of a Virtual Reality–Based Telerehabilitation Program for Balance Recovery After Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2015;96:418–425.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.10.019.
    1. Knippenberg E., Lamers I., Timmermans A., Spooren A. Motivation, Usability, and Credibility of an Intelligent Activity-Based Client-Centred Training System to Improve Functional Performance in Neurological Rehabilitation: An Exploratory Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021;18:7641. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18147641.
    1. Popović M.D., Kostić M.D., Rodić S.Z., Konstantinović L.M. Feedback-Mediated Upper Extremities Exercise: Increasing Patient Motivation in Poststroke Rehabilitation. BioMed Res. Int. 2014;2014:520374. doi: 10.1155/2014/520374.
    1. Novak D., Nagle A., Keller U., Riener R. Increasing motivation in robot-aided arm rehabilitation with competitive and cooperative gameplay. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 2014;11:64. doi: 10.1186/1743-0003-11-64.
    1. Chen L., Xiong S., Liu Y., Lin M., Zhu L., Zhong R., Zhao J., Liu W., Wang J., Shang X. Comparison of Motor Relearning Program versus Bobath Approach for Prevention of Poststroke Apathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2019;28:655–664. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.11.011.
    1. Radder B., Prange-Lasonder G., Kottink A., Melendez-Calderon A., Buurke J., Rietman J. Feasibility of a wearable soft-robotic glove to support impaired hand function in stroke patients. J. Rehabil. Med. 2018;50:598–606. doi: 10.2340/16501977-2357.
    1. Ahmad M.A., Singh D.K.A., Nordin N.A.M., Nee K.H., Ibrahim N. Virtual Reality Games as an Adjunct in Improving Upper Limb Function and General Health among Stroke Survivors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2019;16:5144. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16245144.
    1. Rapolienė J., Endzelytė E., Jasevičienė I., Savickas R. Stroke Patients Motivation Influence on the Effectiveness of Occupational Therapy. Rehabil. Res. Pract. 2018;2018:9367942. doi: 10.1155/2018/9367942.
    1. Lin F.-H., Yih D.N., Shih F.-M., Chu C.-M. Effect of social support and health education on depression scale scores of chronic stroke patients. Medicine. 2019;98:e17667. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000017667.
    1. Hung J.-W., Yu M.-Y., Chang K.-C., Lee H.-C., Hsieh Y.-W., Chen P.-C. Feasibility of Using Tetrax Biofeedback Video Games for Balance Training in Patients With Chronic Hemiplegic Stroke. PM&R. 2016;8:962–970. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.02.009.
    1. LaPiana N., Duong A., Lee A., Alschitz L., Silva R.M.L., Early J., Bunnell A., Mourad P. Acceptability of a Mobile Phone–Based Augmented Reality Game for Rehabilitation of Patients With Upper Limb Deficits from Stroke: Case Study. JMIR Rehabil. Assist. Technol. 2020;7:e17822. doi: 10.2196/17822.
    1. Huber S.K., Held J.P.O., de Bruin E.D., Knols R.H. Personalized Motor-Cognitive Exergame Training in Chronic Stroke Patients—A Feasibility Study. Front. Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:730801. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.730801.
    1. Graven C., Brock K., Hill K., Ames D., Cotton S., Joubert L. From rehabilitation to recovery: Protocol for a randomised controlled trial evaluating a goal-based intervention to reduce depression and facilitate participation post-stroke. BMC Neurol. 2011;11:73. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-73.
    1. Morice E., Moncharmont J., Jenny C., Bruyneel A.-V. Dancing to improve balance control, cognitive-motor functions and quality of life after stroke: A study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2020;10:e037039. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037039.
    1. An H.-J., Park S.-J. Effects of Animal-Assisted Therapy on Gait Performance, Respiratory Function, and Psychological Variables in Patients Post-Stroke. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021;18:5818. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18115818.
    1. Adhikari S.P., Tretriluxana J., Chaiyawat P., Jalayondeja C. Enhanced Upper Extremity Functions with a Single Session of Action-Observation-Execution and Accelerated Skill Acquisition Program in Subacute Stroke. Stroke Res. Treat. 2018;2018:1490692. doi: 10.1155/2018/1490692.
    1. Thompson N., Bloska J., Abington A., Masterson A., Whitten D., Street A. The Feasibility and Acceptability of Neurologic Music Therapy in Subacute Neurorehabilitation and Effects on Patient Mood. Brain Sci. 2022;12:497. doi: 10.3390/brainsci12040497.
    1. Street A.J., Magee W.L., Bateman A., Parker M., Odell-Miller H., Fachner J. Home-based neurologic music therapy for arm hemiparesis following stroke: Results from a pilot, feasibility randomized controlled trial. Clin. Rehabil. 2018;32:18–28. doi: 10.1177/0269215517717060.
    1. Morone G., Pisotta I., Pichiorri F., Kleih S., Paolucci S., Molinari M., Cincotti F., Kübler A., Mattia D. Proof of Principle of a Brain-Computer Interface Approach to Support Poststroke Arm Rehabilitation in Hospitalized Patients: Design, Acceptability, and Usability. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2015;96((Suppl. 3)):S71–S78. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.05.026.
    1. Deguchi K., Kono S., Deguchi S., Morimoto N., Kurata T., Ikeda Y., Abe K. A Novel Useful Tool of Computerized Touch Panel–Type Screening Test for Evaluating Cognitive Function of Chronic Ischemic Stroke Patients. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2013;22:e197–e206. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2012.11.011.
    1. Seregni A., Tricomi E., Tropea P., Del Pino R., Gómez-Esteban J.C., Gabilondo I., Díez-Cirarda M., Schlieter H., Gand K., Corbo M. Virtual Coaching for Rehabilitation: The Participatory Design Experience of the vCare Project. Front. Public Health. 2021;9:748307. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.748307.
    1. Chen H.-M., Lee H.-L., Yang F.-C., Chiu Y.-W., Chao S.-Y. Effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing in Regard to Activities of Daily Living and Motivation for Rehabilitation among Stroke Patients. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17:2755. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17082755.
    1. Aramaki A.L., Sampaio R.F., Cavalcanti A., Dutra F.C.M.S.E. Use of client-centered virtual reality in rehabilitation after stroke: A feasibility study. Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2019;77:622–631. doi: 10.1590/0004-282x20190103.
    1. Wissink K.S., Eijk M.S.-V., Buijck B.I., Koopmans R.T.C.M., Zuidema S.U. CVA-revalidatie in het verpleeghuis: Therapie-intensiteit van en motivatie voor fysiotherapie [Stroke rehabilitation in nursing homes: Intensity of and motivation for physiotherapy] Tijdschr. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2014;45:144–153. doi: 10.1007/s12439-014-0072-6.
    1. Chowdhury A., Meena Y.K., Raza H., Bhushan B., Uttam A.K., Pandey N., Hashmi A.A., Bajpai A., Dutta A., Prasad G. Active Physical Practice Followed by Mental Practice Using BCI-Driven Hand Exoskeleton: A Pilot Trial for Clinical Effectiveness and Usability. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform. 2018;22:1786–1795. doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2018.2863212.
    1. Song H.S., Kim J.Y., Park S.D. The effect of class-based task-oriented circuit training on the self-satisfaction of patients with chronic stroke. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 2015;27:127–129. doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.127.
    1. Park J.-S., Lee G., Choi J.-B., Hwang N.-K., Jung Y.-J. Game-based hand resistance exercise versus traditional manual hand exercises for improving hand strength, motor function, and compliance in stroke patients: A multi-center randomized controlled study. Neurorehabilitation. 2019;45:221–227. doi: 10.3233/NRE-192829.
    1. Alhirsan S.M., Capó-Lugo C.E., Brown D.A. Effects of different types of augmented feedback on intrinsic motivation and walking speed performance in post-stroke: A study protocol. Contemp. Clin. Trials Commun. 2021;24:100863. doi: 10.1016/j.conctc.2021.100863.
    1. Grau-Sánchez J., Segura E., Sanchez-Pinsach D., Raghavan P., Münte T.F., Palumbo A.M., Turry A., Duarte E., Särkämö T., Cerquides J., et al. Enriched Music-supported Therapy for chronic stroke patients: A study protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMC Neurol. 2021;21:19. doi: 10.1186/s12883-020-02019-1.
    1. Zhang L., Yan Y., Sun Z., Ge X., Qin X., Lin K.-C. Coaching-Based Teleoccupational Guidance for Home-Based Stroke Survivors and Their Family Caregivers: Study Protocol for a Superior Randomized Controlled Trial. Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med. 2022;2022:9123498. doi: 10.1155/2022/9123498.
    1. Rozevink S.G., van der Sluis C.K., Garzo A., Keller T., Hijmans J.M. HoMEcare aRm rehabiLItatioN (MERLIN): Telerehabilitation using an unactuated device based on serious games improves the upper limb function in chronic stroke. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 2021;18:48. doi: 10.1186/s12984-021-00841-3.
    1. Skidmore E.R., Whyte E.M., Butters M.A., Terhorst L., Reynolds C.F., III Strategy Training During Inpatient Rehabilitation May Prevent Apathy Symptoms After Acute Stroke. PM&R. 2015;7:562–570. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2014.12.010.
    1. Cano-Mañas M.J., Collado-Vázquez S., Hernández J.R., Villena A.J.M., Cano-De-La-Cuerda R. Effects of Video-Game Based Therapy on Balance, Postural Control, Functionality, and Quality of Life of Patients with Subacute Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Health Eng. 2020;2020:5480315. doi: 10.1155/2020/5480315.
    1. McAuley E., Duncan T., Tammen V.V. Psychometric Properties of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory in a Competitive Sport Setting: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport. 1989;60:48–58. doi: 10.1080/02701367.1989.10607413.
    1. Maclean N., Pound P., Wolfe C., Rudd A. The Concept of Patient Motivation: A qualitative analysis of. Stroke professionals’ attitudes. Stroke. 2002;33:444–448. doi: 10.1161/hs0202.102367.
    1. White G.N., Cordato D.J., O’Rourke F., Mendis R.L., Ghia D., Chan D. Validation of the stroke rehabilitation motivation scale: A pilot study. Asian J. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2012;7:80–87.
    1. Yoshida T., Otaka Y., Kitamura S., Ushizawa K., Kumagai M., Kurihara Y., Yaeda J., Osu R. Development and validation of new evaluation scale for measuring stroke patients’ motivation for rehabilitation in rehabilitation wards. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:e0265214. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265214.
    1. Derakhshanrad S.A., Piven E. Modification of the Persian version of Hermans Achievement Motivation Questionnaire to develop an adapted scale for measuring motivation of post-stroke survivors in Iran. Iran. J. Neurol. 2016;15:189–194.
    1. Hallams S., Baker K. The development of a questionnaire to assess motivation in stroke survivors: A pilot study. N. Z. J. Physiother. 2009;37:55–61.
    1. Pelletier L.G., Tuson K.M., Fortier M.S., Vallerand R.J., Briére N.M., Blais M.R. Toward a New Measure of Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation, and Amotivation in Sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 1995;17:35–53. doi: 10.1123/jsep.17.1.35.
    1. Park M., Lee J.-Y., Ham Y., Oh S.-W., Shin J.-H. Korean Version of the Stroke Rehabilitation Motivation Scale: Reliability and Validity Evaluation. Ann. Rehabil. Med. 2020;44:11–19. doi: 10.5535/arm.2020.44.1.11.
    1. Kuroda A., Setoguchi M., Uchino Y., Nagata K., Hokonohara D. Effect of rivastigmine on plasma butyrylcholine esterase activity and plasma ghrelin levels in patients with dementia in Alzheimer’s disease. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 2018;18:886–891. doi: 10.1111/ggi.13275.
    1. Fujita T., Sato A., Tsuchiya K., Ohashi T., Yamane K., Yamamoto Y., Iokawa K., Ohira Y., Otsuki K., Tozato F. Relationship between Grooming Performance and Motor and Cognitive Functions in Stroke Patients with Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2017;26:2828–2833. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.06.054.
    1. Toba K., Nakai R., Akishita M., Iijima S., Nishinaga M., Mizoguchi T., Yamada S., Yumita K., Ouchi Y. Vitality Index as a useful tool to assess elderly with dementia. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 2002;2:23–29. doi: 10.1046/j.1444-1586.2002.00016.x.
    1. Boiché J., Gourlan M., Trouilloud D., Sarrazin P. Development and validation of the ‘Echelle de Motivation envers l’Activité Physique en contexte de Santé’: A motivation scale towards health-oriented physical activity in French. J. Health Psychol. 2019;24:386–396. doi: 10.1177/1359105316676626.
    1. González-García H., Martinent G., Vega-Díaz M. Validation of the motivation scale towards Health-Oriented physical activity (EMAPS) in Spanish Population. Curr. Psychol. 2022. pp. 1–13. Epub ahead of print .
    1. Mullan E., Markland D., Ingledew D.K. A graded conceptualisation of self-determination in the regulation of exercise behaviour: Development of a measure using confirmatory factor analytic procedures. Pers. Individ. Differ. 1997;23:745–752. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00107-4.
    1. Markland D., Tobin V. A modification of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire to include an assessment of amotivation. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 2004;26:191–196. doi: 10.1123/jsep.26.2.191.
    1. Wilson P.M., Rodgers W.M., Loitz C.C., Scime G. “It’s who I am…really!” The importance of integrated regulation in exercise contexts. J. Biobehav. Res. 2006;11:79–104. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9861.2006.tb00021.x.
    1. Cavicchiolo E., Sibilio M., Lucidi F., Cozzolino M., Chirico A., Girelli L., Manganelli S., Giancamilli F., Galli F., Diotaiuti P., et al. The Psychometric Properties of the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-3): Factorial Structure, Invariance and Validity in the Italian Context. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022;19:1937. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19041937.
    1. Das J., G.K. R. Post stroke depression: The sequelae of cerebral stroke. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2018;90:104–114. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.005.
    1. Gainotti G., Antonucci G., Marra C., Paolucci S. Relation between depression after stroke, antidepressant therapy, and functional recovery. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2001;71:258–261. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.71.2.258.
    1. Paolucci S., Iosa M., Coiro P., Venturiero V., Savo A., DE Angelis D., Morone G. Post-stroke Depression Increases Disability More Than 15% in Ischemic Stroke Survivors: A Case-Control Study. Front. Neurol. 2019;10:926. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00926.
    1. Gainotti G., Azzoni A., Razzano C., Lanzillotta M., Marra C., Gasparini F. The Post-Stroke depression rating scale: A test specifically devised to investigate affective disorders of stroke patients. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 1997;19:340–356. doi: 10.1080/01688639708403863.
    1. Quaranta D., Marra C., Gainotti G. Post-stroke depression: Main phenomenological clusters and their relationships with clinical measures. Behav. Neurol. 2012;25:303–310. doi: 10.1155/2012/501979.
    1. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. American Psychiatric Publishing; Arlington, VA, USA: 2013.
    1. Sibon I., Lassalle-Lagadec S., Renou P., Swendsen J. Evolution of Depression Symptoms following Stroke: A Prospective Study Using Computerized Ambulatory Monitoring. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2012;33:280–285. doi: 10.1159/000334663.
    1. Piamarta F., Iurlaro S., Isella V., Atzeni L., Grimaldi M., Russo A.G., Forapani E., Appollonio I. Unconventional affective symptoms and executive functions after stroke in the elderly. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2004;38:315–323. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2004.04.042.
    1. Terroni L., Amaro E., Jr., Iosifescu D.V., Mattos P., Yamamoto F.I., Tinone G., Conforto A., Sobreiro M.F., Delgado V.D., De Lucia M.C.S., et al. The association of post-stroke anhedonia with salivary cortisol levels and stroke lesion in hippocampal/parahippocampal region. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 2015;11:233–242. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S73722.
    1. Marin R.S. Apathy: A neuropsychiatric syndrome. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 1991;3:243–254.
    1. Starkstein S.E., Fedoroff J.P., Price T.R., Leiguarda R., Robinson R.G. Apathy following cerebrovascular lesions. Stroke. 1993;24:1625–1630. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.24.11.1625.
    1. Santa N., Sugimori H., Kusuda K., Yamashita Y., Ibayashi S., Iida M. Apathy and functional recovery following first-ever stroke. Int. J. Rehabil. Res. 2008;31:321–326. doi: 10.1097/MRR.0b013e3282fc0f0e.
    1. Jorge R.E., Starkstein S.E., Robinson R.G. Apathy following Stroke. Can. J. Psychiatry. 2010;55:350–354. doi: 10.1177/070674371005500603.
    1. Borgi M., Caccamo F., Giuliani A., Piergentili A., Sessa S., Reda E., Alleva E., Cirulli F., Miraglia F. Validation of the Italian version of the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES-I) in institutionalized geriatric patients. Ann. Ist. Super. Sanita. 2016;52:249–255. doi: 10.4415/ANN_16_02_17.
    1. Crocker L.D., Heller W., Warren S.L., O’Hare A.J., Infantolino Z.P., Miller G.A. Relationships among cognition, emotion, and motivation: Implications for intervention and neuroplasticity in psychopathology. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2013;7:261. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00261.
    1. Kanellopoulos D., Wilkins V., Avari J., Oberlin L., Arader L., Chaplin M., Banerjee S., Alexopoulos G.S. Dimensions of Poststroke Depression and Neuropsychological Deficits in Older Adults. Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 2020;28:764–771. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.01.009.
    1. Beck A., Steer R., Brown G. BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory Manual. 2nd ed. Psychological Corporation; San Antonio, TX, USA: 1996.
    1. Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J. Neurol. Psychiatry. 1960;23:56–62. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56.
    1. Montgomery S.A., Åsberg M. A New Depression Scale Designed to be Sensitive to Change. Br. J. Psychiatry. 1979;134:382–389. doi: 10.1192/bjp.134.4.382.
    1. Zung W.W.K. A Self-Rating Depression Scale. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 1965;12:63–70. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01720310065008.
    1. Turner-Stokes L., Hassan N. Depression after stroke: A review of the evidence base to inform the development of an integrated care pathway. Part 1: Diagnosis, frequency and impact. Clin. Rehabil. 2002;16:231–247. doi: 10.1191/0269215502cr487oa.
    1. Andresen E.M., Malmgren J.A., Carter W.B., Patrick D.L. Screening for Depression in Well Older Adults: Evaluation of a Short Form of the CES-D. Am. J. Prev. Med. 1994;10:77–84. doi: 10.1016/S0749-3797(18)30622-6.
    1. Marin R.S., Biedrzycki R.C., Firinciogullari S. Reliability and validity of the apathy evaluation scale. Psychiatry Res. 1991;38:143–162. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(91)90040-V.
    1. Sheikh J., Yesavage J. Geriatric depression scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clin. Gerontol. J. Aging Ment. Health. 1986;5:165–173.
    1. Resnick B., Zimmerman S.I., Magaziner J., Adelman A. Use of the Apathy Evaluation Scale as a Measure of Motivation in Elderly People. Rehabil. Nurs. 1998;23:141–147. doi: 10.1002/j.2048-7940.1998.tb01766.x.
    1. Graves R., Connor L.T., Nicholas M.L. Apathy and residual neurological impairment are associated with community reintegration after mild stroke. Neuropsychol. Rehabil. 2021:1–14. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2021.2019059. Epub ahead of print .
    1. Palmisano S., Fasotti L., Bertens D. Neurobehavioral Initiation and Motivation Problems After Acquired Brain Injury. Front. Neurol. 2020;11:23. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00023.
    1. Lenze E.J., Munin M.C., Quear T., Dew M.A., Rogers J.C., Begley A.E., Reynolds C.F., III The Pittsburgh Rehabilitation Participation Scale: Reliability and validity of a clinician-rated measure of participation in acute rehabilitation. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2004;85:380–384. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2003.06.001.
    1. Iosa M., Galeoto G., De Bartolo D., Russo V., Ruotolo I., Spitoni G., Ciancarelli I., Tramontano M., Antonucci G., Paolucci S., et al. Italian Version of the Pittsburgh Rehabilitation Participation Scale: Psychometric Analysis of Validity and Reliability. Brain Sci. 2021;11:626. doi: 10.3390/brainsci11050626.
    1. Melin J., Årestedt K. The Patient Participation in Rehabilitation Questionnaire (PPRQ): Psychometric evaluation and revision for use in neurological rehabilitation. Disabil. Rehabil. 2020;42:1454–1461. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1528303.
    1. Van Brakel W.H., Anderson A.M., Mutatkar R.K., Bakirtzief Z., Nicholls P.G., Raju M.S., Das-Pattanayak R.K. The Participation Scale: Measuring a key concept in public health. Disabil. Rehabil. 2006;28:193–203. doi: 10.1080/09638280500192785.

Source: PubMed

Sponsors et collaborateurs

Les conditions médicales

Interventions en matière de drogue

3
S'abonner