Diffusion of clindamycin-resistant and erythromycin-resistant methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), potential ST398, in United States Veterans Health Administration Hospitals, 2003-2014

Margaret Carrel, Michihiko Goto, Marin L Schweizer, Michael Z David, Daniel Livorsi, Eli N Perencevich, Margaret Carrel, Michihiko Goto, Marin L Schweizer, Michael Z David, Daniel Livorsi, Eli N Perencevich

Abstract

Background: Changing phenotypic profiles of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates can indicate the emergence of novel sequence types (ST). The diffusion of MSSA ST can be tracked by combining established genotypic profiles with phenotypic surveillance data. ST398 emerged in New York City (NYC) and exhibits resistance to clindamycin and erythromycin but tetracycline susceptibility ("potential ST398"). Trends of potential ST398 were examined in a national cohort of all Veterans Health Administration patients with MSSA invasive infections during 2003-2014.

Methods: A retrospective cohort of all patients with MSSA invasive infections, defined as a positive clinical culture from a sterile site, during 2003-2014 was created. Only isolates tested against clindamycin, erythromycin and tetracycline were included. Annual hospital-level proportions of potential ST398 were compared according to facility distance from NYC and region.

Results: A total of 34,025 patient isolates from 136 VA medical centers met the inclusion criteria. Of those, 4582 (13.5%) met the definition of potential ST398. Potential ST398 increased over the 12-year cohort and diffused outwards from NYC. Incidence Rate Ratios of >1.0 (p < 0.01) reflect increases in potential ST398 over time in hospitals nearer to NYC.

Conclusions: We observe an increase in the phenotypic profile of potential ST398 MSSA isolates in invasive infections in a national cohort of patients in the US. The increase is not evenly distributed across the US but appears to diffuse outwards from NYC. Novel MSSA strain emergence may have important clinical implications, particularly for the use of clindamycin for suspected S. aureus infections.

Keywords: Diffusion; Emergence; MSSA; ST398; Spatiotemporal analysis.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Location of VA Medical Centers (VAMCs) included in the study. Identified by a Distance from New York City and b Location within each Census Region
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Proportion of isolates matching the potential ST398 susceptibility profile over time. Solid line represents observed data, dotted line is a fitted linear trend line
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Proportion of potential ST398 MSSA in 2-year categories, stratified by Census region or NYC location
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Potential ST398 proportions in VAMCs over time, stratified by distance from NYC

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