Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis

Kentaro Sugano, Jan Tack, Ernst J Kuipers, David Y Graham, Emad M El-Omar, Soichiro Miura, Ken Haruma, Masahiro Asaka, Naomi Uemura, Peter Malfertheiner, faculty members of Kyoto Global Consensus Conference, Takeshi Azuma, Franco Bazzoli, Francis Ka-Leung Chan, Minhu Chen, Naoki Chiba, Tsutomu Chiba, Luiz Gonzaga Vas Coelho, Francesco Di Mario, Kwong Ming Fock, Yasuhiro Fukuda, Takahisa Furuta, Robert Maximilian Genta, Khean-Lee Goh, Masanori Ito, Peter Harry Katelaris, Mototsugu Kato, Takashi Kawai, Nayoung Kim, Ryuji Kushima, Varocha Mahachai, Takeshi Matsuhisa, Francis Mégraud, Hiroto Miwa, Kazunari Murakami, Colm Antoine O'Morain, Massimo Rugge, Kiichi Sato, Tadashi Shimoyama, Akiko Shiotani, Toshiro Sugiyama, Kazuyoshi Yagi, Ming-Shiang Wu, Kentaro Sugano, Jan Tack, Ernst J Kuipers, David Y Graham, Emad M El-Omar, Soichiro Miura, Ken Haruma, Masahiro Asaka, Naomi Uemura, Peter Malfertheiner, faculty members of Kyoto Global Consensus Conference, Takeshi Azuma, Franco Bazzoli, Francis Ka-Leung Chan, Minhu Chen, Naoki Chiba, Tsutomu Chiba, Luiz Gonzaga Vas Coelho, Francesco Di Mario, Kwong Ming Fock, Yasuhiro Fukuda, Takahisa Furuta, Robert Maximilian Genta, Khean-Lee Goh, Masanori Ito, Peter Harry Katelaris, Mototsugu Kato, Takashi Kawai, Nayoung Kim, Ryuji Kushima, Varocha Mahachai, Takeshi Matsuhisa, Francis Mégraud, Hiroto Miwa, Kazunari Murakami, Colm Antoine O'Morain, Massimo Rugge, Kiichi Sato, Tadashi Shimoyama, Akiko Shiotani, Toshiro Sugiyama, Kazuyoshi Yagi, Ming-Shiang Wu

Abstract

Objective: To present results of the Kyoto Global Consensus Meeting, which was convened to develop global consensus on (1) classification of chronic gastritis and duodenitis, (2) clinical distinction of dyspepsia caused by Helicobacter pylori from functional dyspepsia, (3) appropriate diagnostic assessment of gastritis and (4) when, whom and how to treat H. pylori gastritis.

Design: Twenty-three clinical questions addressing the above-mentioned four domains were drafted for which expert panels were asked to formulate relevant statements. A Delphi method using an anonymous electronic system was adopted to develop the consensus, the level of which was predefined as ≥80%. Final modifications of clinical questions and consensus were achieved at the face-to-face meeting in Kyoto.

Results: All 24 statements for 22 clinical questions after extensive modifications and omission of one clinical question were achieved with a consensus level of >80%. To better organise classification of gastritis and duodenitis based on aetiology, a new classification of gastritis and duodenitis is recommended for the 11th international classification. A new category of H. pylori-associated dyspepsia together with a diagnostic algorithm was proposed. The adoption of grading systems for gastric cancer risk stratification, and modern image-enhancing endoscopy for the diagnosis of gastritis, were recommended. Treatment to eradicate H. pylori infection before preneoplastic changes develop, if feasible, was recommended to minimise the risk of more serious complications of the infection.

Conclusions: A global consensus for gastritis was developed for the first time, which will be the basis for an international classification system and for further research on the subject.

Keywords: FUNCTIONAL DYSPEPSIA; GASTRIC CANCER; GASTRITIS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI - GASTRITIS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI - TREATMENT.

Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Diagnostic algorithm of Helicobacter pylori-associated dyspepsia. Patients with dyspeptic symptoms after negative routine laboratory and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy except for positive H. pylori tests, should undergo eradication therapy. If sustained symptomatic relief is obtained, their dyspeptic symptoms are considered as H. pylori-associated dyspepsia. On the other hand, if dyspeptic symptoms do not resolve or recur after eradication therapy, they are judged to have functional dyspepsia. EGD, oesophagastroduodenoscopy.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Image enhanced endoscopy. (A) Narrow band imaging (NBI) of the gastric mucosa. Round homogeneous sized pits with regularly arranged collecting venules are shown (left). This pattern (regular arrangement of collecting venules) named ‘RAC’ pattern in the corpus mucosa highly indicates a Helicobacter pylori negative state. In the H. pylori-infected mucosa with inflammation, pit patterns are elongated, varied in sizes and shapes with spaces between them. Collecting venules are obscured owing to inflammation (centre). When intestinal metaplasia develops, the pit pattern is further elongated with light blue lines (light blue crest sign) decorating the pits margins (right). The images were provided by Dr Kazuyoshi Yagi. (B) Blue laser imaging (BLI) of the gastric mucosa. BLI is a new modality of image enhancement. The BLI-bright mode can easily obtain lower magnification images, similar to the NBI images in (A) (left). With BLI-magnification mode, further mucosal details including periglandular capillary networks (red coloured circles surrounding the pits) are seen (centre). BLI endoscopy is useful for identifying the area of intestinal metaplasia where greenish coloured elongated pit patterns predominate (right). The images were provided by Dr Hiroyuki Osawa, Jichi Medical University.

References

    1. Strickland RG. Gastritis. Front Gastrointest Res 1975;1:12–48. 10.1159/000395803
    1. Marshall BJ, Warren JR. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet 1984;323:1311–15. 10.1016/S0140-6736(84)91816-6
    1. Malfertheiner P, Chan FK, McColl KE. Peptic ulcer disease. Lancet 2009;374:1449–61. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60938-7
    1. Fock KM, Graham DY, Malfertheiner P. Helicobacter pylori research: historical insights and future directions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;10:495–500. 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.96
    1. Malfertheiner P, Mégraud F, O'Morain CA, et al. . Management of Helicobacter pylori infection—the Maastricht IV Florence Consensus Report. Gut 2012;61:646–64. 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302084
    1. (20 January 2015).
    1. Sugano K. Should we still subcategorize Helicobacter pylori-associated dyspepsia as functional disease? J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011;17:366–71. 10.5056/jnm.2011.17.4.366
    1. Suzuki H, Nishizawa T, Hibi T. Can Helicobacter pylori-associated dyspepsia be categorized as functional dyspepsia? J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;26(Suppl 3):42–5. 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06629.x
    1. Tack J, Talley N, Camilleri M, et al. . Functional gastrodudenal disorders. In Drossman DA, Corazziari F, Delvaux M, et al.. eds Rome III: the functional gastrointestinal disorders. 3rd edn McLean, VA: Denon Associates, Inc, 2006:419–86.
    1. Miwa H, Ghoshal UC, Fock KM, et al. . Asian consensus report on functional dyspepsia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;27:626–41. 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.07037.x
    1. Asaka M, Kato M, Takahashi S, et al. . Guidelines for the management of Helicobacter pylori infection in Japan: 2009 revised edition. Helicobacter 2010;15:1–20. 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00738.x
    1. Moayyedi P, Soo S, Deeks JJ, et al. . Eradication of Helicobacter pylori for non-ulcer dyspepsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;16(2):CD002096.
    1. Yagi K, Nakamura A, Sekine A. Characteristic endoscopic and magnified endoscopic findings in the normal stomach without Helicobacter pylori infection. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;17:39–45. 10.1046/j.1440-1746.2002.02665.x
    1. Yagi K, Nakamura A, Sekine A. Comparison between magnification endoscopy and histological, culture and urease test findings from the gastric mucosa of the corpus. Endoscopy 2002;24:376–81. 10.1055/s-2002-25281
    1. Okubo M, Tahara T, Shibata T, et al. . Usefulness of magnifying narrow-band imaging endoscopy in the Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic gastritis. Digestion 2011;83:161–6. 10.1159/000321799
    1. Rugge M, Genta RM. Staging and grading of chronic gastritis. Hum Pathol 2005;36:228–33. 10.1016/j.humpath.2004.12.008
    1. Rugge M, Correa P, Di Mario F, et al. . OLGA staging for gastritis: a tutorial. Dig Liv Dis 2008;40:650–8. 10.1016/j.dld.2008.02.030
    1. Capelle LG, de Vries AC, Haringsma J, et al. . The staging of gastritis with the OLGA system by using intestinal metaplasia as an accurate alternative for atrophic gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc 2010;71:1150–8. 10.1016/j.gie.2009.12.029
    1. Price AB. The Sydney system: histological division. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991;6:209–22. 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1991.tb01468.x
    1. Dixon MF, Genta RM, Yardley JH, et al. . Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney System. International Workshop on the Histopathology of Gastritis, Houston 1994. Am J Surg Pathol 1996;20:1161–81. 10.1097/00000478-199610000-00001
    1. Quaseem A, Snow V, Owens DK, et al. . The development of Clinical Practice guidelines and guidance statement of the American College of Physicians: summary of methods. Ann Intern Med 2010;153:194–9. 10.7326/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00010
    1. Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, et al. . Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2004;328:1490 10.1136/bmj.328.7454.1490
    1. Jones DJ, Barkun AN, Lu Y, et al. . Conflicts of interest ethics; silencing expertise in the development of international practice guidelines. Ann Intern Med 2012;56:809–16. 10.7326/0003-4819-156-11-201206050-00008
    1. Marshall BJ, Armstrong JA, McGechie DB, et al. . Attempt to fulfil Koch's postulates for pyloric Campylobacter. Med J Aust 1985;142:436–9.
    1. Morris A, Nicholson G. Ingestion of Campylobacter pyloridis causes gastritis and raised fasting gastric pH. Am J Gastroenterol 1987;82:192–9.
    1. Buckley M, O'Morain C. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in non-ulcer dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995;9(Suppl 2):53–8.
    1. Rosenstock S, Kay L, Rosenstock C, et al. . Relation between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastrointestinal symptoms and syndromes. Gut 1997;41:169–76. 10.1136/gut.41.2.169
    1. Malfertheiner P, Sipponen P, Naumann M, et al. . Helicobacter pylori eradication has the potential to prevent gastric cancer: a state-of-the-art critique. Am J Gastroenterol 2005;100:2100–15. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41688.x
    1. Nordenstedt H, Graham DY, Kramer JR, et al. . Helicobacter pylori-negative gastritis: prevalence and risk factors. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:65–71. 10.1038/ajg.2012.372
    1. Meining A, Stolte M, Hatz R, et al. . Differing degree and distribution of gastritis in Helicobacter pylori-associated diseases. Virchows Arch 1997;431:11–15. 10.1007/s004280050063
    1. Uemura N, Okamoto S, Yamamoto S, et al. . H. pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer. N Engl J Med 2001;345:784–9. 10.1056/NEJMoa001999
    1. Sipponen M, Kosunen TU, Valle J, et al. . H. pylori infection and chronic gastritis in gastric cancer. J Clin Pathol 1992;45:319–23. 10.1136/jcp.45.4.319
    1. El-Omar EM, Penman ID, Ardill JE, et al. . Helicobacter pylori infection and abnormalities of acid secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer disease. Gastroenterology 1995;109:681–91. 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90374-7
    1. El-Omar EM, Oien K, El-Nujumi A, et al. . Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic gastric acid hyposecretion. Gastroenterology 1997;113:15–24. 10.1016/S0016-5085(97)70075-1
    1. Malfertheiner P. The intriguing relationship of Helicobacter pylori infection and acid secretion in peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Dig Dis 2011;29:459–64. 10.1159/000332213
    1. Dinis-Ribeiro M, Areia M, de Vries AC, et al. . Management of precancerous conditions and lesions in the stomach (MAPS): guideline from the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE), European Helicobacter Study Group (EHSG), European Society of Pathology (ESP) and the Sociedade Portuguesa de Endoscopia Digestiva (SPED). Endoscopy 2012;44:74–94. 10.1055/s-0031-1291491
    1. Correa P. Gastric cancer: overview. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2013;42:211–17. 10.1016/j.gtc.2013.01.002
    1. Tanaka A, Kamada T, Inoue K, et al. . Histological evaluation of patients with gastritis at high risk of developing gastric cancer using a conventional index. Pathol Res Pract 2011;207:354–8. 10.1016/j.prp.2011.03.001
    1. Meining A, Bayerdörffer E, Müller P, et al. . Gastric carcinoma risk index in patients infected with Helicobacter pylori. Virchows Arch 1998;432:311–14. 10.1007/s004280050171
    1. Naylor GM, Gotoda T, Dixon M, et al. . Why does Japan have a high incidence of gastric cancer? Comparison of gastritis between UK and Japanese patients. Gut 2006;55:1545–52. 10.1136/gut.2005.080358
    1. Miehlke S, Hackelsberger A, Meining A, et al. . Severe expression of corpus gastritis is characteristic in gastric cancer patients infected with Helicobacter pylori. Br J Cancer 1998;78:263–6. 10.1038/bjc.1998.475
    1. Yeomans ND, Naesdal J. Systematic Review: ulcer definition in NSAID ulcer prevention. Aliment Pharamcol Ther 2008;27:465–72. 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03610.x
    1. Toljamo K, Niemelä S, Karvonen AL, et al. . Histopathology of gastric erosions. Association with etiological factors and chronicity. Helicobacter 2011;16: 444–51. 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00871.x
    1. Hart J, Hawkey CJ, Lanas A, et al. . Predictors of gastroduodenal erosions in patients taking low-dose aspirin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;31:143–9. 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04133.x
    1. Kato M, Terao S, Adachi K, et al. . Changes in endoscopic findings of gastritis after cure of H. pylori infection: multicenter prospective trial. Dig Endosc 2013;25:264–73. 10.1111/j.1443-1661.2012.01385.x
    1. Annibale B, Sprile MR, D'ambra G, et al. . Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection in atrophic body gastritis patients does not improve mucosal atrophy but reduces hypergastrinemia and its related effects on body ECL-cell hyperplasia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000;14:625–34. 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2000.00752.x
    1. Iijima K, Ohara S, Sekine H, et al. . Changes in gastric secretion assayed by endoscopic gastrin test before and after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Gut 2000;46:20–6. 10.1136/gut.46.1.20
    1. Hawkey CJ, Wilson I, Naesdal J, et al. . Influence of sex and Helicobacter pylori on development and healing of gastroduodenal lesions in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug users. Gut 2002;51:344–50. 10.1136/gut.51.3.344
    1. Lanza FL, Evans DG, Graham DY. Effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on the severity of gastroduodenal mucosal injury after the acute administration of naproxen or aspirin to normal volunteers. Am J Gastroenterol 1991;86:735–7.
    1. Sonnenberg A, Lash RH, Genta RM. A national study of Helicobacter pylori infection in gastric biopsy specimens. Gastroenterology 2010;139:1894–901. 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.08.018
    1. Graham DY, Opekun AR, Osato MS, et al. . Challenge model for Helicobacter pylori infection in human volunteers. Gut 2004;53:1235–43. 10.1136/gut.2003.037499
    1. Bode G, Brenner H, Adler G, et al. . Dyspeptic symptoms in middle-aged to old adults: the role of Helicobacter pylori infection and various demographic and lifestyle factors. J Intern Med 2002;252:41–7. 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.01000.x
    1. Moayyedi P, Forman D, Braunholtz D, et al. . The proportion of upper gastrointestinal symptoms in the community associated with Helicobacter pylori, lifestyle factors and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Leeds HELP Study Group. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:1448–55. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.2126_1.x
    1. Wildner-Christensen M, Hansen JM, De Muckadell OB. Risk factors for dyspepsia in a general population: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cigarette smoking and unemployment are more important than Helicobacter pylori infection. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006;41:149–54. 10.1080/00365520510024070
    1. Nandurkar S, Talley NJ, Xia H, et al. . Dyspepsia in the community is linked to smoking and aspirin use but not to Helicobacter pylori infection. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1427–33. 10.1001/archinte.158.13.1427
    1. Makris N, Barkun A, Crott R, et al. . Cost-effectiveness of alternative approaches in the management of dyspepsia. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2003;19:446–64.
    1. Ang T, Fock KM, Teo EK, et al. . Helicobacter pylori eradication versus prokinetics in the treatment of functional dyspepsia: a randomized, double-blind study. J Gastroenterol 2006;41:647–53. 10.1007/s00535-006-1818-x
    1. Delaney B, Ford AC, Forman D, et al. . Initial management strategies for dyspepsia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;7:CD001961.
    1. Suzuki H, Moayyedi P. Helicobacter pylori infection in functional dyspepsia. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;10:168–74. 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.9
    1. Malfertheiner P, Mossner J, Fischbach W, et al. . Helicobacter pylori eradication is beneficial in the treatment of functional dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;18:615–25. 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01695.x
    1. Mazzoleni LE, Sander GB, Francesconi CF, et al. . Helicobacter pylori eradication in functional dyspepsia: HEROES trial. Arch Intern Med 2011;171:1929–36. 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.533
    1. Tack J, Talley NJ, Camilleri M, et al. . Functional gastroduodenal disorders. Gastroenterology 2006;130:1466–79. 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.11.059
    1. Camilleri M, Stanghellini V. Current management strategies and emerging treatments for functional dyspepsia. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;10:187–94. 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.11
    1. Tack J, Talley NJ. Gastroduodenal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:757–63. 10.1038/ajg.2010.66
    1. Dinis-Ribeiro M, da Costa-Pereira A, Lopes C, et al. . Magnification chromoendoscopy for the diagnosis of gastric intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia. Gastrointest Endosc 2003;57:498–504. 10.1067/mge.2003.145
    1. Anagnostopoulos GK, Yao K, Kaye P, et al. . High-resolution magnification endoscopy can reliably identify normal gastric mucosa, Helicobacter pylori-associated gastritis and gastric atrophy. Endoscopy 2007;39:202–7. 10.1055/s-2006-945056
    1. Gonen C, Simsek I, Sarioglu S, et al. . Comparison of high resolution magnifying endoscopy and standard videoendoscopy for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori gastritis in routine clinical practice: a prospective study. Helicobacter 2009;14:12–21. 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2009.00650.x
    1. Uedo N, Ishihara R, Iishi H, et al. . A new method of diagnosing gastric intestinal metaplasia: narrow-band imaging with magnifying endoscopy. Endoscopy 2006;38:819–24. 10.1055/s-2006-944632
    1. Tahara T, Shibata T, Nakamura M, et al. . Gastric mucosal pattern by using magnifying narrow-band imaging endoscopy clearly distinguishes histological and serological severity of chronic gastritis. Gastrointest Endosc 2009;70:246–53. 10.1016/j.gie.2008.11.046
    1. Kato M, Kaise M, Yonezawa J, et al. . Magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging achieves superior accuracy in the differential diagnosis of superficial gastric lesions identified with white-light endoscopy: a prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc 2010;72:523–9. 10.1016/j.gie.2010.04.041
    1. Capelle LG, Haringsma J, de Vries AC, et al. . Narrow band imaging for the detection of gastric intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia during surveillance endoscopy. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55:3442–8. 10.1007/s10620-010-1189-2
    1. Osawa H, Yamamoto H, Miura Y, et al. . Blue laser imaging provides excellent endsocopic images of upper gastrointestinal lesions. Video J Encyclopedia of GI endoscopy 2014;1:607–10. 10.1016/j.vjgien.2014.01.001
    1. Lim JH, Kim N, Lee HS, et al. . Correlation between endoscopic and histological diagnoses of gastric intestinal metaplasia. Gut Liver 2013;7:41–50. 10.5009/gnl.2013.7.1.41
    1. de Vries AC, Haringsma J, de Vries RA, et al. . Biopsy strategies for endoscopic surveillance of pre-malignant gastric lesions. Helicobacter 2010;15:259–64. 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00760.x
    1. El-Zimaity HM, Graham DY. Evaluation of gastric mucosal biopsy site and number for identification of Helicobacter pylori or intestinal metaplasia: role of the Sydney System. Hum Pathol 1999;30:72–7. 10.1016/S0046-8177(99)90303-9
    1. Satoh K, Kimura K, Taniguchi Y, et al. . Biopsy sites suitable for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection and the assessment of the extent of atrophic gastritis. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:569–73. 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.166_b.x
    1. Pimentel-Nunes P, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Soares JB, et al. . A multicenter validation of an endoscopic classification with narrow band imaging for gastric precancerous and cancerous lesions. Endsocopy 2012;44:236–46. 10.1055/s-0031-1291537
    1. Kikuste I, Stirna D, Liepniece-Karele I, et al. . The accuracy of flexible spectral imaging colour enhancement for the diagnosis of gastric intestinal metaplasia: do we still need histology to select individuals at risk of adenocarcinoma? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;26:704–9. 10.1097/MEG.0000000000000108
    1. de Vries AC, van Grieken NC, Looman CW, et al. . Gastric cancer risk in patients with premalignant gastric lesions: a nationwide cohort study in the Netherlands. Gastroenterology 2008;134:945–52. 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.01.071
    1. Rugge M, Kim JG, Mahachai V, et al. . OLGA gastritis staging in young adults and country-specific gastric cancer risk. Int J Surg Pathol 2008;16:150–4. 10.1177/1066896907307238
    1. Rugge M, Meggio A, Pennelli G, et al. . Gastritis staging in clinical practice: the OLGA staging system. Gut 2007;l56:631–6. 10.1136/gut.2006.106666
    1. Rugge M, de Boni M, Pennelli G, et al. . Gastritis OLGA-staging and gastric cancer risk: a twelve-year clinico-pathological follow-up study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;31:1104–11.
    1. den Hoed CM, Holster IL, Capelle LG, et al. . Follow-up of premalignant lesions in patients at risk for progression to gastric cancer. Endoscopy 2013;45:249–56. 10.1055/s-0032-1326379
    1. Rugge M, Fassan M, Pizzi M, et al. . Operative link for gastritis assessment vs operative link on intestinal metaplasia assessment. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17:4596–601. 10.3748/wjg.v17.i41.4596
    1. Kuipers EJ. In through the out door: serology for atrophic gastritis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;15:877–9. 10.1097/00042737-200308000-00007
    1. Watabe H, Mitsushima T, Yamaji Y, et al. . Predicting the development of gastric cancer from combining Helicobacter pylori antibodies and serum pepsinogen status: a prospective endoscopic cohort study. Gut 2005;54:764–8. 10.1136/gut.2004.055400
    1. Miki K. Gastric cancer screening by combined assay for serum anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG antibody and serum pepsinogen levels-“ABC method”. Proc Jpn Acad SerB Phys Biol Sci 2011;87:405–14. 10.2183/pjab.87.405
    1. Broutet N, Plebani M, Sakarovitch C, et al. . Pepsinogen A, pepsinogen C and gastrin as markers of atrophic chronic gastritis in European dyspeptics. Br J Cancer 2003;88:1239–47. 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600877
    1. Agreus L, Kuipers EJ, Kupcinskas L, et al. . Rationale in diagnosis and screening of atrophic gastritis with stomach-specific plasma biomarkers. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012;47:136–47. 10.3109/00365521.2011.645501
    1. Okuda M, Nakazawa T, Booka M, et al. . Evaluation of a urine antibody test for Helicobacter pylori in Japanese children. J Pediatr 2004;144:196–9. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2003.10.057
    1. Okuda M, Sugiyama T, Fukunaga K, et al. . A strain-specific antigen in Japanese Helicobacter pylori recognized in sera of Japanese children. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005;12:1280–4.
    1. Mégraud F, European Paediatric Task Force on Helicobacter pylori. Comparison of non-invasive tests to detect Helicobacter pylori infection in children and adolescents: results of a multicenter European study. J Pediatr 2005;146:198–203. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.10.044
    1. Ford AC, Forman D, Hunt RH, et al. . Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy to prevent gastric cancer in healthy asymptomatic infected individuals: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2014;348:g3174 10.1136/bmj.g3174
    1. Take S, Mizuno M, Ishiki K, et al. . Baseline gastric mucosal atrophy is a risk factor associated with the development of gastric cancer after Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in patients with peptic ulcer diseases. J Gastroenterol 2007;42(Suppl 7):21–7. 10.1007/s00535-006-1924-9
    1. Chen HN, Wang Z, Li X, et al. . Helicobacter pylori eradication cannot reduce the risk of Gastric Cancer in patients with intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia: evidence from a meta-analysis. Gastric Cancer Published Online First: 22 Jan 2015. 10.1007/s10120-015-0462-7 10.1007/s10120-015-0462-7
    1. de Vries AC, Kuipers EJ, Rauws EA. Helicobacter pylori eradication and gastric cancer: when is the horse out of the barn? Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104: 1342–5. 10.1038/ajg.2008.15
    1. Zhang YY, Xia HH, Zhuang ZH, et al. . Review article: ‘true’ re-infection of Helicobacter pylori after successful eradication--worldwide annual rates, risk factors and clinical implications. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;29:145–60. 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2008.03873.x
    1. Franchini M, Vescovi PP, Garofano M, et al. . Helicobacter pylori-associated idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a narrative review. Semin in Thromb Hemost 2012;38:463–8. 10.1055/s-0032-1305781
    1. Franchini M, Cruciani M, Mengoli C, et al. . Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on platelet count in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;60:237–46. 10.1093/jac/dkm195
    1. Harvey RF, Lane JA, Nair P, et al. . Clinical trial: prolonged beneficial effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on dyspepsia consultations—the Bristol Helicobacter Project. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;32:394–400. 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04363.x
    1. Veldhuyzen van Zanten SJ, Flook N, Chiba N, et al. . An evidence-based approach to the management of uninvestigated dyspepsia in the era of Helicobacter pylori. Canadian Dyspepsia Working Group. CMAJ 2000;162:S3–23.
    1. Ohkusa T, Takashimizu I, Fujiki K, et al. . Disappearance of hyperplastic polyps in the stomach after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. A randomized, clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1998;129:712–15.
    1. Suzuki H, Saito Y, Hibi T. Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) Lymphoma: updated review of clinical outcomes and the molecular pathogenesis. Gut Liver 2009;3:81–7. 10.5009/gnl.2009.3.2.81
    1. Du MQ, Diss TC, Dogan A, et al. . Clone-specific PCR reveals wide dissemination of gastric MALT lymphoma to the gastric mucosa. J Pathol 2000;192: 488–93. 10.1002/1096-9896(2000)9999:9999<::AID-PATH727>;2-J
    1. Clark EG, Danbolt N. The Oslo study of the natural course of untreated syphilis. An epidemiologic investigation based on re-study of the Boeck-Burrsgaard material. Med Clin North Am 1964;48:613–23.
    1. Gutierrez O, Melo M, Segura AM, et al. . Cure of Helicobacter pylori infection improves gastric acid secretion in patients with corpus gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997;32:664–8. 10.3109/00365529708996515
    1. Gisbert JP, Khorrami S, Carballo F, et al. . H. pylori eradication therapy vs. antisecretory non-eradication therapy (with or without long-term maintenance antisecretory therapy) for the prevention of recurrent bleeding from peptic ulcer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;(2):CD004062.
    1. Vergara M, Catalan M, Gisbert JP, et al. . Meta-analysis: role of Helicobacter pylori eradication in the prevention of peptic ulcer in NSAID users. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005;21:1411–18. 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02444.x
    1. Genta RM, Lew GM, Graham DY. Changes in gastric mucosa following eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Mod Pathol 1993;6:281–9.
    1. Franceschi F, Genta RM, Sepulveda AR. Gastric mucosa: long-term outcome after cure of Helicobacter pylori infection. J Gastroenterol 2002;37(Suppl 13):17–23. 10.1007/BF02990094
    1. Graham DY, Shiotani A, El-Zimaity HM. Chromoendoscopy points the way to understanding recovery of gastric function after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Gastrointest Endosc 2006;64:686–9. 10.1016/j.gie.2006.03.013
    1. Graham DY. Helicobacter pylori and perturbations in acid secretion: the end of the beginning [editorial]. Gastroenterology 1996;110:1647–50. 10.1053/gast.1996.v110.agast961647
    1. Haruma K, Mihara M, Okamoto E, et al. . Eradication of Helicobacter pylori increases gastric acidity in patients with atrophic gastritis of the corpus-evaluation of 24-h pH monitoring. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999;13:155–62. 10.1046/j.1365-2036.1999.00459.x
    1. Yasunaga Y, Shinomura Y, Kanayama S, et al. . Improved fold width and increased acid secretion after eradication of the organism in Helicobacter pylori associated enlarged fold gastritis. Gut 1994;35:1571–4. 10.1136/gut.35.11.1571
    1. Lee YC, Chen TH, Chiu HM, et al. . The benefit of mass eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection: a community-based study of gastric cancer prevention. Gut 2013;62:676–82. 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302240
    1. Atherton JC, Blaser MJ. Coadaptation of Helicobacter pylori and humans: ancient history, modern implications. J Clin Invest 2009;119:2475–87. 10.1172/JCI38605
    1. Dorer MS, Talarico S, Salama NR. Helicobacter pylori‘s unconventional role in health and disease. PLoS Pathog 2009;5:e1000544 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000544
    1. Toller IM, Neelsen KJ, Steger M, et al. . Carcinogenic bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori triggers DNA double-strand breaks and a DNA damage response in its host cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2011;108:14944–9. 10.1073/pnas.1100959108
    1. Kim JJ, Tao H, Carloni E, et al. . Helicobacter pylori impairs DNA mismatch repair in gastric epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 2002;123:542–53. 10.1053/gast.2002.34751
    1. Matsumoto Y, Marusawa H, Kinoshita K, et al. . Helicobacter pylori infection triggers aberrant expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in gastric epithelium. Nat Med 2007;13:470–6. 10.1038/nm1566
    1. Shin CM, Kim N, Jung Y, et al. . Genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in noncancerous gastric mucosae with regard to Helicobacter pylori infection and the presence of gastric cancer. Helicobacter 2011;16:179–88. 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00838.x
    1. Ushijima T, Hattori N. Molecular pathways: involvement of Helicobacter pylori-triggered inflammation in the formation of an epigenetic field defect and its usefulness as cancer risk and exposure markers. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18:923–9. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-2011
    1. Zabaleta J. MicroRNA: a bridge from H. pylori infection to gastritis and gastric cancer development. Front Genet 2012;3:294 10.3389/fgene.2012.00294
    1. Nishizawa T, Suzuki H. The role of microRNA in gastric malignancy. Int J Mol Sci 2013;14:9487–96. 10.3390/ijms14059487
    1. Mégraud F, Coenen S, Versporten A, et al. . Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in Europe and its relationship to antibiotic consumption. Gut 2013;62:34–42. 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302254
    1. Furuta T, Graham DY. Pharmacologic aspects of eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori Infection. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2010;39:465–80. 10.1016/j.gtc.2010.08.007
    1. Graham DY, Shiotani A. Which therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection? Gastroenterology 2012;143:10–12. 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.05.012
    1. Graham DY, Lee YC, Wu MS. Rational Helicobacter pylori therapy: evidence-based medicine rather than medicine-based evidence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;12:177–86. 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.05.028
    1. Wu JY, Liou JM, Graham DY. Evidence-based recommendations for successful Helicobacter pylori treatment. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;8:21–8. 10.1586/17474124.2014.859522
    1. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Helicobacter pylori eradication as a strategy for preventing gastric cancer. IARC Working Group Reports Vol 8, WHO Press, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2014.
    1. Shiotani A, Cen P, Graham DY. Eradication of gastric cancer is now both possible and practical. Semin Cancer Biol 2013;23:492–501. 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.07.004
    1. Matsueda S, Graham DY. Immunotherapy in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:1657–66. 10.3748/wjg.v20.i7.1657
    1. Graham DY, Shiotani A. The time to eradicate gastric cancer is now. Gut 2005;54:735–8. 10.1136/gut.2004.056549
    1. Kimura K, Satoh K, Ido K, et al. . Gastritis in the Japanese stomach. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996;31(Suppl 214):17–20. 10.3109/00365529609094509
    1. Kimura K, Takemoto T. An endoscopic recognition of the atrophic border and its significance in chronic gastritis. Endoscopy 1969;1:87–97. 10.1055/s-0028-1098086
    1. Miki K. Gastric cancer screening using the serum pepsinogen test method. Gastric Cancer 2006;9:245–53. 10.1007/s10120-006-0397-0
    1. Dinis-Ribeiro M, Yamaki G, Miki K, et al. . Meta-analysis on the validity of pepsinogen test for gastric carcinoma, dysplasia or chronic atrophic gastritis screening. J Med Screen 2004;11:141–7. 10.1258/0969141041732184
    1. Dinis-Ribeiro M, da Costa-Pereira A, Lopes C, et al. . Validity of serum pepsinogen I/II ratio for the diagnosis of gastric epithelial dysplasia and intestinal metaplasia during the follow-up of patients at risk for intestinal-type gastric adenocarcinoma. Neoplasia 2004;6:449–56. 10.1593/neo.03505
    1. Schindler R. Chronic gastritis. Bull NY Acad Med 1939;15:322–37.
    1. Lau JY, Barkun A, Fan DM, et al. . Challenges in the management of acute peptic ulcer bleeding. Lancet 2013;381:2033–43. 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60596-6
    1. Jőnsson KA, Gotthard R, Bodemar G, et al. . The clinical relevance of endoscopic and histologic inflammation of gastroduodenal mucosa in dyspepsia of unknown origin. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989;24:385–95. 10.3109/00365528909093064
    1. Talley N, Phillips SF. Non-ulcer dyspepsia: potential causes and pathophysiology. Ann Intern Med 1988;108:865–79. 10.7326/0003-4819-108-6-865
    1. Lambert JR. The role of Helicobacter pylori in nonulcer dyspepsia. A debate—for. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1993;22:141–51.
    1. Talley NJ. The role of Helicobacter pylori in nonulcer dyspepsia. A debate—against. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1993;22:153–67.

Source: PubMed

Sponsors et collaborateurs

Les conditions médicales

Interventions en matière de drogue

3
S'abonner