Effectiveness and safety of iguratimod treatment in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis in Chinese: A nationwide, prospective real-world study

Abstract

Background: There is heterogeneity in the clinical manifestations and responses to drugs in RA patients due to variety of factors such as genes and environment. Despite advances in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), approximately 40% of RA patients still do not achieve primary clinical outcomes in randomized trials, and its low remission rate and high economic consumption remain unresolved, especially in developing countries. Iguratimod (IGU) is a new disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) with a low price that has demonstrated good efficacy and safety in clinical trials and was approved for active RA in China and Japan. As the most populous country in the Western Pacific region, it is warranted to conduct a study with a large scale of patients in a real-life setting. Our study confirms the new option for RA patients, which is potentially benificial for public health in developing countries.

Methods: This was a nationwide, prospective real-world study of IGU. Eligible subjects were active adult RA patients who aged 18 to 85 with or without multiple comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes with DMARDs at a stable dosage for at least 12 weeks, or without ongoing DMARDs. A two-stage design was used for this study. In the first stage (the first 12 weeks), IGU 25 mg bid was added as monotherapy or to the background therapy, and in the second stage (the latter 12 weeks), adjustment of RA medicines other than IGU was allowed according to the participants' disease activity. The primary endpoints were American College of Rheumatology 20% response (ACR20) 24 weeks and adverse events during 24 weeks. The secondary endpoints were ACR50 and ACR70 over 24 weeks, the changes of DAS28 and Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) at week 12 and week 24 from baseline. The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01554917.

Findings: Between March 2012 and January 2015, 1759 participants were enrolled, of whom 81•5% (1433/1759) completed the study. Notably, 1597 patients in the full analysis set were assessed for the effectiveness and 1751 patients were in the safety analysis set; 71•9% (1148/1597) of the patients achieved the primary endpoint of ACR20 response at week 24, and 51•7% (906/1751) patients had at least 1 adverse event (AE). The incidence of the clinical significant AE (grade≥3) of special interest was 3•4% (54 patients for grade 3 and 6 patients for grade 4), and 0•7% (13/1751) of patients developed SAEs associated with IGU. The most common clinical significant AEs were infection in 0•6% (10/1751) of the patients, abdominal discomfort in 0•5% (9/1751) of the patients including 0•2% (3/1751) gastric ulcer, fracture in 0•4% (7/1751), and increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in 0•2% (3/1751) of the patients. The secondary endpoint of ACR50 and ACR70 response rates at week 24 were 47•4% (757/1597) and 24•0% (384/1597). DAS28 was 4•11±1•27 and 3•75±1•32 at week 12 and 24, which was significantly decreased -1•40±1•10 and -1•75±1•26 compared with baseline (P<0•001) respectively. Changes in HAQ at week 12 and 24 from baseline were -7•4 ± 9•18 and -8•5 ± 9•97, respectively (all P<0•001). Stratified analysis results showed that the patients with shorter disease duration, male gender had better response to IGU. There was no significant difference in ACR20/50/70 responses between elderly patients(≥65 years) and younger patients(<65 years), IGU monotherapy or combined with other DMARDs. However, more fractures (1•1% vs 0•5%; P = 0•64) and infections (8•7% vs 7•9%; P = 0•69) were observed in elderly patients in our study.

Interpretation: Our results confirmed the effectiveness and safety of IGU as a new DMARD for active patients with RA as monotherapy or combination therapy.

Funding: This study was supported by "the 11th Five-Year-Plan for Science and Technology Support Program (2012ZX09104-103-01)".

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Figures

Fig. 1

Trial profile. IGU add-on period:the first 12 weeks, IGU 25 mg bid was added as monotherapy or into participants’ background RA treatments;Regimen adjustment period:After the visit at the end of week 12, IGU 25 mg bid was continued, and adjustment of RA medicines except for IGU was allowed according to the participants’ disease activity. IGU= iguratimod.

Fig. 2

Efficacy of IGU at week 12 and week 24. (A) ACR20/50/70 response rate of all patients at week 12 and week 24; (B) DAS28 disease activity of patients at baseline, week 12, and week 24(Remission, DAS28≤2•6; Low disease activity 2•6<DAS28≤3•2; Moderate disease activity, 3•2<DAS28≤5•1; and High disease activity, DAS28>5•1);(C) ACR/EULAR remission rate of patients at baseline, week 4, week 8, week 12, week 16 and week 24. * P<0•05 compared with week 12. ACR=American College of Rheumatology; DAS28=Disease Activity Score 28 joints; DR=disease duration; EULAR=European League Against Rheumatism; IGU=Iguratimod.

Fig. 3

ACR 20/50/70 response rate of different subgroups and the comparison between subgroups at week 12 and week 24. (A)ACR20/50/70 response rate of subgroups that was divided by disease duration (< 2 years or ≥ 2 years); (B) ACR20/50/70 response rate of subgroups that was divided by gender (Male or Female); (C) ACR20/50/70 response rate of subgroups that was divided by age (< 65 years or ≥ 65 years). * P<0•05 between 2 subgroups; ** P<0•01 between 2 subgroups. ACR=American College of Rheumatology.

Fig. 4

Changes of AE and ADR over time. Data are n (%). All incidences were adjusted to the same period of 2 weeks to compare them. ADRs were classified by using the system organ class (SOC) and preferred term (PT) according to the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Affairs (MedDRA; version 17•1). AE=Adverse Events. ADR=adverse drug reaction.