The effects of daily fasting hours on shaping gut microbiota in mice

Linghao Li, Yuxin Su, Fanglin Li, Yueying Wang, Zhongren Ma, Zhuo Li, Junhong Su, Linghao Li, Yuxin Su, Fanglin Li, Yueying Wang, Zhongren Ma, Zhuo Li, Junhong Su

Abstract

Background: It has recently been reported that intermittent fasting shapes the gut microbiota to benefit health, but this effect may be influenced to the exact fasting protocols. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of different daily fasting hours on shaping the gut microbiota in mice. Healthy C57BL/6 J male mice were subjected to 12, 16 or 20 h fasting per day for 1 month, and then fed ad libitum for an extended month. Gut microbiota was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene-based sequencing and food intake was recorded as well.

Results: We found that cumulative food intake was not changed in the group with 12 h daily fasting, but significantly decreased in the 16 and 20 h fasting groups. The composition of gut microbiota was altered by all these types of intermittent fasting. At genus level, 16 h fasting led to increased level of Akkermansia and decreased level of Alistipes, but these effects disappeared after the cessation of fasting. No taxonomic differences were identified in the other two groups.

Conclusions: These data indicated that intermittent fasting shapes gut microbiota in healthy mice, and the length of daily fasting interval may influence the outcome of intermittent fasting.

Keywords: Daily fasting hours; Food intake; Gut microbiota; Mouse model.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Food intake during intermittent fasting. a Experimental design; b The amount of total food intake during fasting; c The amount of food intake per day at each time point during the two-month study period; d The amount of total food intake 1 month after the cessation of intermittent fasting. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc for multiple comparisons. e Pearson correlation between cumulative food intake and daily fasting hours during fasting. f Pearson correlation between cumulative food intake and daily fasting hours 1 month after the cessation of fasting
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Changes in body weight during intermittent fasting. a Body weight at the end of daily fasting; b Body weight before the start of daily fasting; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc for multiple comparisons
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Analysis of gut bacterial communities by 16S rRNA analysis from fed and fasted mice. a Principal Co-ordinates Analysis (PCoA) on Bray-Curtis dissimilarities of bacterial communities from four different fasting regimens at two time points. Each point corresponds to a community from a single mouse. Colors indicate community identity. Ellipses show the 95% confidence intervals. Coloured arrows indicate community shift from day 30 to day 60. Intra-group differences were indicated by using ANOSIM test. ***p ≤ 0.001. b The Figure shows the percentage of each community contributed by the indicated phyla. Time point and daily fasting durations are indicated below the Figure. Taxa that discriminated between fasted and control mice during fasting (c) or 1 month after the cessation of fasting (d). Taxa with a log LDA (linear discriminant analysis) score above 4.00 as determined by using LEfSe. Data shown are the log10 linear discriminant analysis (LDA) scores following LEfSe analyses and the hierarch of discriminating taxa visualized as cladograms for taxonomic comparisons between fasted and control mice

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