Children's liking and wanting of snack products: Influence of shape and flavour

Djin G Liem, Liesbeth H Zandstra, Djin G Liem, Liesbeth H Zandstra

Abstract

Background: Children's food choices are guided by their preferences. However, these preferences may change due to repeated exposure.

Methods: This study investigated children's (n = 242, 7-12 yrs-old) liking and wanting for snacks over 3 weeks of daily consumption. The snacks differed in size (small vs large) or flavour (sweet vs sweet-sour). Two conditions were designed: 1) a monotonous group in which children continuously consumed the same snack across the 3 weeks, and 2) a free choice group in which children were allowed to freely choose amongst 3 different flavours of the snack each day during 3 weeks.

Results: Shape influenced long-term liking, i.e. small shaped snacks remained stable in liking over repeated consumption, whereas large shaped snacks with the same flavour decreased in liking. Mean wanting ratings for all snack products decreased over 3 weeks daily consumption. Flavour did not significantly influence liking and wanting over time. The ability to freely choose amongst different flavours tended to decrease children's liking (p < 0.1) and wanting (p < 0.001) for these products. Changes in liking rather than initial liking was the best predictor of snack choice during the intervention.

Conclusion: Wanting rather than liking was most affected by repeated daily consumption of snack foods over three weeks. In order to increase the likelihood that children will repeatedly eat a food product, smaller sized healthy snacks are preferred to larger sized snacks. Future research should focus on stabilizing wanting over repeated consumption.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic overview of the procedure. Measurements of liking (4 in total) and wanting (2 in total) are listed in grey blocks.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Mean (± sem)change in liking (from 1 = not liked at all, to 5 extremely liked) during a daily consumption of the Small chocolate-hazelnut, Small Sweet, Small Sweet-Sour or Large chocolate hazelnut snack. Shown for children who did not have a choice (upper panel) and children who could freely choose between the Small snacks (lower panel). * signifies significant decrease in liking from baseline to end p < 0.05.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Mean (± sem) Wanting (before (clear bars) and after (solid bars) a daily consumption of either the Small chocolate-hazelnut (n = 41), Large chocolate-hazelnut (n = 41), Small Sweet (n = 40) and SmallSweet-Sour (n = 40). Shown for children who did not have a choice (upper panel) and children who could freely choose between the Small snacks (n = 40, lower panel).* signifies significant differences at P < 0.05
Figure 4
Figure 4
Upper panel- Mean number of times (± sem) children in the CHOICE group choose either Small chocolate-hazelnut, Small Sweet or Small Sweet-Sour snacks during the first, second and third week of the intervention (min = 0, max = 7). Lower panel- Mean number of different products (± sem) (out of 3: Small, Small Sweet, Small Sweet-Sour) children in the free CHOICE group (n = 37) choose during week 1, 2 and 3.

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