Delaying testicular sperm extraction in 47,XXY Klinefelter patients does not impair the sperm retrieval rate, and AMH levels are higher when TESE is positive

Abstract

Study question: Should testicular sperm extraction (TESE) in non-mosaic 47,XXY Klinefelter syndrome (KS) patients be performed soon after puberty or could it be delayed until adulthood?

Summary answer: The difference in sperm retrieval rate (SRR) in TESE was not significant between the 'Young' (15-22 years old) cohort and the 'Adult' (23-43 years old) cohort of non-mosaic KS patients recruited prospectively in parallel.

What is known already: Several studies have tried to define predictive factors for TESE outcome in non-mosaic KS patients, with very heterogeneous results. Some authors have found that age was a pejorative factor and recommended performing TESE soon after puberty. To date, no predictive factors have been unanimously recognized to guide clinicians in deciding to perform TESE in azoospermic KS patients.

Study design, size, duration: Two cohorts (Young: 15-22 years old; Adult: 23-43 years old) were included prospectively in parallel. A total of 157 non-mosaic 47,XXY KS patients were included between 2010 and 2020 in the reproductive medicine department of the University Hospital of Lyon, France. However 31 patients gave up before TESE, four had cryptozoospermia and three did not have a valid hormone assessment; these were excluded from this study.

Participants/materials, setting, methods: Data for 119 patients (61 Young and 58 Adult) were analyzed. All of these patients had clinical, hormonal and seminal evaluation before conventional TESE (c-TESE).

Main results and the role of chance: The global SRR was 45.4%. SRRs were not significantly different between the two age groups: Young SRR=49.2%, Adult SRR = 41.4%; P = 0.393. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and inhibin B were significantly higher in the Young group (AMH: P = 0.001, Inhibin B: P < 0.001), and also higher in patients with a positive TESE than in those with a negative TESE (AMH: P = 0.001, Inhibin B: P = 0.036). The other factors did not differ between age groups or according to TESE outcome. AMH had a better predictive value than inhibin B. SRRs were significantly higher in the upper quartile of AMH plasma levels than in the lower quartile (or in cases with AMH plasma level below the quantification limit): 67.7% versus 28.9% in the whole population (P = 0.001), 60% versus 20% in the Young group (P = 0.025) and 71.4% versus 33.3% in the Adult group (P = 0.018).

Limitations, reasons for caution: c-TESE was performed in the whole study; we cannot rule out the possibility of different results if microsurgical TESE had been performed. Because of the limited sensitivity of inhibin B and AMH assays, a large number of patients had values lower than the quantification limits, preventing the definition a threshold below which negative TESE can be predicted.

Wider implications of the findings: In contrast to some studies, age did not appear as a pejorative factor when comparing patients 15-22 and 23-44 years of age. Improved accuracy of inhibin B and AMH assays in the future might still allow discrimination of patients with persistent foci of spermatogenesis and guide clinician decision-making and patient information.

Study funding/competing interest(s): The study was supported by a grant from the French Ministry of Health D50621 (Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinical Régional 2008). The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Trial registration number: NCT01918280.

Keywords: Klinefelter syndrome; anti-Müllerian hormone; fertility preservation; male infertility; sperm retrieval.

© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology.

Figures

Figure 1.

Flowchart. (A) Flowchart of the Young cohort. (B) Flowchart of the Adult cohort.

Figure 2.

Testicular sperm extraction (TESE) outcome according to age. Histogram representing the number of patients with successful (TESE+) or negative (TESE−) sperm retrieval at different ages.

Figure 3.

Box plot of inhibin B and AMH plasma levels according to age group and testicular sperm extraction (TESE) outcome. (A) Inhibin B plasma levels: Comparisons between patients with successful TESE (TESE+, in gray) and negative TESE (TESE−, in white) and between Young and Adult groups were performed by Mann–Whitney U test. Comparisons between the four subgroups (Young-TESE+, Young-TESE−, Adult-TESE+ and Adult-TESE−) by Kruskal–Wallis test were significant (P<0.001). Pairwise comparisons of the four subgroups by the Mann–Whitney U test are summarized with letters; conditions labeled with the same letter did not significantly differ (Young-TESE+ versus Young-TESE−: P = 0.067; Adult-TESE+ versus Adult-TESE−: P = 0.602). (B) AMH plasma levels: Comparisons between patients with successful TESE (TESE+, in gray) and negative TESE (TESE−, in white) and between Young and Adult groups were performed by Mann–Whitney U test. Comparisons between the four subgroups (Young-TESE+, Young-TESE−, Adult-TESE+ and Adult-TESE−) by Kruskal–Wallis test were significant (P<0.001). Pairwise comparisons of the four subgroups by the Mann–Whitney U test are summarized with letters; conditions labeled with the same letter did not significantly differ (Young-TESE+ versus Young-TESE−: P = 0.013; Adult-TESE+ versus Adult-TESE−: P = 0.049).

Figure 4.

ROC curve of AMH (plain) and inhibin B (dotted) plasma levels to predict positive TESE in non-mosaic 47,XXY KS. The area under the curve [95% CI] was 0.676 [0.578–0.775] (P = 0.001) for AMH and 0.598 [0.495–0.701] (P = 0.066) for inhibin B plasma levels. ROC, receiver operator characteristic; TESE, testicular sperm extraction.

Figure 5.

ROC curve of AMH plasma levels to predict positive TESE in non-mosaic 47,XXY KS in the Young cohort (A) and in the Adult cohort (B). The area under the curve [95% CI] was 0.683; 95% CI [0.546–0.820]; P = 0.009 for the young cohort and was 0.642; 95% CI [0.491–0.792]; P = 0.066 for the adult cohort. ROC, receiver operator characteristic; TESE, testicular sperm extraction.

Figure 6.

Maximal Johnsen’s score according to TESE outcome. Histogram representing the number of patients for each maximal Johnsen’s score in TESE+ (orange) and TESE− (blue) patients. TESE, testicular sperm extraction. Score 1 = no seminiferous epithelium; 2 = Sertoli cell only; 3 = spermatogonia only; 4 = no spermatozoa or spermatids, few spermatocytes; 5 = no spermatozoa or spermatids, many spermatocytes; 6 = no spermatozoa, no late spermatids, few early spermatids; 7 = no spermatozoa, no late spermatids, many early spermatids; 8 = less than five spermatozoa per tubule, few late spermatids; 9 = slightly impaired spermatogenesis, many late spermatids, disorganized epithelium; 10 = full spermatogenesis.