Sluggish Cognitive Tempo as a Possible Predictor of Methylphenidate Response in Children With ADHD: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

Objective: To examine whether sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptomatology moderates dose response to methylphenidate and whether the impact of SCT on medication response is distinct from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtype effects.

Methods: Stimulant-naive children with ADHD predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I; n = 126) or ADHD combined type (ADHD-C; n = 45) aged 7-11 years were recruited from the community from September 2006 to June 2013 to participate in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, 4-week crossover trial of long-acting methylphenidate. ADHD diagnosis and subtype were established according to DSM-IV criteria using a structured interview and teacher ADHD symptom ratings. SCT symptoms were assessed using a teacher-rated scale with 2 factors (Sluggish/Sleepy and Daydreamy). Primary outcomes included (1) categorization of children as methylphenidate responders, methylphenidate nonresponders, or placebo responders by 2 blinded physicians and (2) parent and teacher ratings of child behavior on the Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Rating Scales while subjects were on treatment with placebo or 1 of 3 methylphenidate dosages (low, medium, high).

Results: Increased SCT Sluggish/Sleepy factor scores were associated with being a methylphenidate nonresponder or placebo responder rather than a methylphenidate responder (P = .04). Sluggish/Sleepy factor scores were also linked to diminished methylphenidate dose response for parent- and teacher-rated inattention symptoms (Sluggish/Sleepy factor × dose P = .004). SCT Daydreamy symptoms and ADHD subtype (ADHD-I vs ADHD-C) were not associated with methylphenidate responder status and did not moderate methylphenidate dose response for inattention symptoms.

Conclusions: SCT Sluggish/Sleepy symptoms, but not SCT Daydreamy symptoms or ADHD subtype, predicted methylphenidate nonresponse. This novel finding, if replicated, may have important implications for assessing SCT as part of ADHD care.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01727414.

© Copyright 2018 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.

Figures

Figure 1

Sluggish/SleepyFactor*Dose Effects on Parent- and Teacher-Rated Hyperactive-Impulsive (A), Inattentive (B), and ADHD Total Symptom Scores (C) for Tertiles of Sluggish/SleepyFactor in ADHD-Inattentive Type and ADHD-Combined Type Participants (N=158)a aModels adjusted for baseline scores, DSM-based subtype, age, IQ, disruptive behavior disorders, anxiety disorders, rater.

Figure 2

Sluggish/SleepyFactor*Dose Effects on Parent- and Teacher-Rated Hyperactive-Impulsive (A), Inattentive (B), and ADHD Total Symptom Scores (C) for Tertiles of Sluggish/SleepyFactor in ADHD-Combined Type Participants Only (N=42)a aModels adjusted for baseline scores, age, IQ, disruptive behavior disorders, anxiety disorders, rater.

Figure 3

Sluggish/SleepyFactor*Dose Effects on Parent- and Teacher-Rated Hyperactive-Impulsive (A), Inattentive (B), and ADHD Total Symptom Scores (C) for Tertiles of Sluggish/SleepyFactor in ADHD-Inattentive Type Participants Only (N=116)a aModels adjusted for baseline scores, age, IQ, disruptive behavior disorders, anxiety disorders, rater.