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Chronotype Alignment and Time Perception

29 giugno 2026 aggiornato da: Dr YU Cehao, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Circadian Match and Mismatch Effects on Temporal Cognition in Morning- and Evening-Type Adults

People differ in chronotype - whether they function best in the morning ("larks") or the evening ("owls"). This study asks whether the match or mismatch between a person's chronotype and the time of day at which they are tested changes how they perceive time.

Healthy morning-type and evening-type adults at three sites (Aarhus, Denmark; Changzhou, China; and Hong Kong) complete the same battery of perception and cognition tasks twice - once in the early morning (about 08:00) and once late in the evening (about 22:00), in counterbalanced order. The primary outcome is the accuracy (signed bias) of time-perception judgements; the key comparison is the interaction between chronotype and time of day (the "synchrony effect").

Secondary measures include timing precision, the subjective passage of time, sleepiness, mood, colour perception (with and without blue-blocking glasses) and perceptual decision-making. By testing the same protocol across three cultures and latitudes, the study examines whether circadian match/mismatch effects on temporal cognition generalise across populations.

Panoramica dello studio

Stato

Reclutamento

Condizioni

Intervento / Trattamento

Descrizione dettagliata

Background and rationale: Time perception is shaped by attention and physiological arousal, both of which follow a circadian rhythm that differs systematically between morning-type and evening-type individuals. The "synchrony effect" holds that performance is optimal when testing occurs at a person's circadian-preferred time. Whether this match/mismatch alters the perceived speed and precision of an internal clock, and whether any such effect generalises across cultures and latitudes, is not well established.

Design: a 2 (chronotype: morning-type vs evening-type; between-subjects) x 2 (session time: morning about 08:00 vs evening about 22:00; within-subjects, counterbalanced) mixed design, replicated at three sites. "Match" = tested at the circadian-preferred time; "mismatch" = tested at the non-preferred time. Site is included as an additional factor for generalisability.

Procedure: volunteers are screened online (Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire to classify chronotype, with intermediate types excluded; Munich ChronoType Questionnaire; Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; demographics; colour-vision and health checks) and keep a 7-day sleep diary. Eligible participants attend two laboratory sessions and complete an identical battery each time: time-perception tasks (interval production/estimation, duration discrimination, passage-of-time judgement), state measures (sleepiness, mood, arousal), colour tasks (unique-hue settings with and without blue-blocking glasses; an ambiguous-colour image), a perceptual conformity task, and a vigilance task.

Primary hypothesis: a chronotype-by-time-of-day interaction on time-perception bias. Analysis uses linear mixed-effects models (participant as a random effect; chronotype, session time, their interaction, and site as fixed effects), with false-discovery-rate correction across secondary outcomes. Session order is counterbalanced to separate time-of-day from practice and order effects.

Tipo di studio

Interventistico

Iscrizione (Stimato)

240

Fase

  • Non applicabile

Contatti e Sedi

Questa sezione fornisce i recapiti di coloro che conducono lo studio e informazioni su dove viene condotto lo studio.

Contatto studio

Luoghi di studio

Criteri di partecipazione

I ricercatori cercano persone che corrispondano a una certa descrizione, chiamata criteri di ammissibilità. Alcuni esempi di questi criteri sono le condizioni generali di salute di una persona o trattamenti precedenti.

Criteri di ammissibilità

Età idonea allo studio

  • Adulto

Accetta volontari sani

Sì

Descrizione

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Healthy adult, 18-40 years
  • Clear morning-type or evening-type on the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ-SA); intermediate types excluded (state exact cut-offs, e.g. evening-type 41 or below, morning-type 59 or above)
  • Normal or corrected-to-normal visual acuity
  • Normal colour vision (e.g. Ishihara screening)
  • Fluent in the testing-site language (Danish, Chinese, or English)
  • Able to attend both an early-morning (about 08:00) and a late-evening (about 22:00) session

Exclusion Criteria:

  • Intermediate chronotype (MEQ in the middle band)
  • Night or rotating shift work in the past 3 months, or recent trans-meridian travel (more than 2 time zones in the past 4 weeks)
  • Diagnosed sleep disorder (e.g. insomnia, sleep apnoea)
  • Current psychiatric or neurological disorder
  • Use of sleep medication or psychoactive or CNS-active drugs
  • Colour-vision deficiency
  • Substance-use disorder

Piano di studio

Questa sezione fornisce i dettagli del piano di studio, compreso il modo in cui lo studio è progettato e ciò che lo studio sta misurando.

Come è strutturato lo studio?

Dettagli di progettazione

  • Scopo principale: Scienza basilare
  • Assegnazione: Randomizzato
  • Modello interventistico: Assegnazione incrociata
  • Mascheramento: Nessuno (etichetta aperta)

Armi e interventi

Gruppo di partecipanti / Arm
Intervento / Trattamento
Sperimentale: Morning-first sequence
Participants complete the Morning test session (about 08:00) first, then the Evening test session (about 22:00). Both sessions use the identical perception and cognition battery; session order is counterbalanced across participants.
Comportamentale: Morning test session (about 08:00)
Full perception and cognition battery administered shortly after habitual wake (about 08:00): time-perception tasks (interval production/estimation, duration discrimination, passage-of-time judgement), state measures (sleepiness, mood, arousal), colour tasks, a perceptual conformity task, and a vigilance task.
Comportamentale: Evening test session (about 22:00)
The identical battery administered late in the evening (about 22:00), enabling within-participant comparison of the same measures at the two times of day.
Sperimentale: Evening-first sequence
Participants complete the Evening test session (about 22:00) first, then the Morning test session (about 08:00). Both sessions use the identical perception and cognition battery; session order is counterbalanced across participants.
Comportamentale: Morning test session (about 08:00)
Full perception and cognition battery administered shortly after habitual wake (about 08:00): time-perception tasks (interval production/estimation, duration discrimination, passage-of-time judgement), state measures (sleepiness, mood, arousal), colour tasks, a perceptual conformity task, and a vigilance task.
Comportamentale: Evening test session (about 22:00)
The identical battery administered late in the evening (about 22:00), enabling within-participant comparison of the same measures at the two times of day.

Cosa sta misurando lo studio?

Misure di risultato primarie

Misura del risultato
Misura Descrizione
Lasso di tempo
Time-perception bias measured by the two-alternative forced-choice duration-comparison point of subjective equality
Lasso di tempo: Each of two laboratory sessions, morning about 08:00 and evening about 22:00, completed within about 2 weeks.
Participants complete a two-alternative forced-choice duration-comparison task. On each trial, they judge whether a comparison interval is shorter or longer than a standard interval. A psychometric function is fitted to each participant's responses to estimate the point of subjective equality, defined as the comparison duration judged longer than the standard on 50% of trials. Time-perception bias is calculated as signed percentage error: ((point of subjective equality - standard duration) / standard duration) × 100. Positive values indicate a point of subjective equality above the standard duration; negative values indicate a point of subjective equality below the standard duration. The primary comparison is the chronotype-by-session-time interaction, testing whether time-perception bias differs between circadian match and mismatch sessions.
Each of two laboratory sessions, morning about 08:00 and evening about 22:00, completed within about 2 weeks.

Misure di risultato secondarie

Misura del risultato
Misura Descrizione
Lasso di tempo
Temporal precision measured by the two-alternative forced-choice duration-discrimination Weber fraction
Lasso di tempo: Each of two laboratory sessions, morning about 08:00 and evening about 22:00, completed within about 2 weeks.
Participants complete a two-alternative forced-choice duration-discrimination task using an adaptive staircase procedure. On each trial, they judge whether a comparison interval is shorter or longer than a standard interval. A psychometric function is fitted to estimate the just-noticeable difference, defined as the smallest duration difference required for reliable discrimination. Temporal precision is calculated as the Weber fraction: just-noticeable difference divided by the standard duration. Lower Weber-fraction values indicate better temporal precision, whereas higher values indicate poorer temporal precision.
Each of two laboratory sessions, morning about 08:00 and evening about 22:00, completed within about 2 weeks.
Subjective passage of time measured by a passage-of-time rating scale
Lasso di tempo: Each of two laboratory sessions, morning about 08:00 and evening about 22:00, completed within about 2 weeks.
Participants rate their subjective passage of time during the laboratory session using a passage-of-time rating scale. The scale ranges from 1 to 7, where 1 indicates that time passed very slowly and 7 indicates that time passed very quickly. Higher scores indicate a faster subjective passage of time, whereas lower scores indicate a slower subjective passage of time.
Each of two laboratory sessions, morning about 08:00 and evening about 22:00, completed within about 2 weeks.
Subjective sleepiness measured by the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale
Lasso di tempo: Each of two laboratory sessions, morning about 08:00 and evening about 22:00, completed within about 2 weeks.
Subjective sleepiness is assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, a 9-point self-report scale ranging from 1 to 9. A score of 1 indicates very alert, and a score of 9 indicates very sleepy or fighting sleep. Higher scores indicate greater subjective sleepiness. The scale is administered before and after the laboratory task battery in each session; the outcome will be analysed as session-level subjective sleepiness, with pre- and post-battery ratings used to characterise changes across the session.
Each of two laboratory sessions, morning about 08:00 and evening about 22:00, completed within about 2 weeks.
Mood measured by the Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire
Lasso di tempo: Each of two laboratory sessions, morning about 08:00 and evening about 22:00, completed within about 2 weeks.
Mood is assessed using the Multidimensional Mood Questionnaire. The questionnaire provides three bipolar mood dimensions: good-bad mood, awake-tired mood, and calm-nervous mood. Each dimension is scored from 4 to 20. Higher scores indicate a more positive mood state: better mood on the good-bad dimension, greater wakefulness on the awake-tired dimension, and greater calmness on the calm-nervous dimension.
Each of two laboratory sessions, morning about 08:00 and evening about 22:00, completed within about 2 weeks.
Unique-hue settings measured as hue angle in the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage Colour Appearance Model 2016 (CIECAM16)
Lasso di tempo: Each of two laboratory sessions, morning about 08:00 and evening about 22:00, completed within about 2 weeks.
Participants complete a unique-hue adjustment task for unique yellow, blue, green, and red. For each unique hue, the selected colour is converted to a hue angle in the Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage Colour Appearance Model 2016 (CIECAM16). Hue angle is measured in degrees (0°-360°), representing the location of the selected colour around the hue circle. The task is completed both with and without blue-blocking glasses. Hue angle is an angular colour-coordinate measure; higher or lower values do not indicate a better or worse outcome but indicate a shift in the perceived unique-hue setting.
Each of two laboratory sessions, morning about 08:00 and evening about 22:00, completed within about 2 weeks.
Ambiguous-colour image perception measured by forced-choice categorisation of the dress image
Lasso di tempo: Each of two laboratory sessions, morning about 08:00 and evening about 22:00, completed within about 2 weeks.
Participants view the ambiguous dress image and complete a forced-choice categorisation task. They indicate whether they perceive the image as white/gold or blue/black. The outcome is the categorical response to the image, recorded separately with and without blue-blocking glasses. This measure indexes individual differences in colour-perception interpretation and illuminant assumptions, and whether the perceived category shifts with reduced short-wavelength input or time of day. This is a categorical perceptual outcome; higher or lower values do not indicate a better or worse outcome.
Each of two laboratory sessions, morning about 08:00 and evening about 22:00, completed within about 2 weeks.
Perceptual conformity measured by change in perceptual judgement after social-response exposure
Lasso di tempo: Each of two laboratory sessions, morning about 08:00 and evening about 22:00, completed within about 2 weeks.
Participants complete a perceptual judgement task before and after exposure to others' responses. Perceptual conformity is measured as the change in the participant's judgement from the initial response to the post-exposure response. Larger absolute change scores indicate greater susceptibility to social influence on perception. Positive or negative scores indicate the direction of change relative to the participant's initial judgement or relative to the displayed social response, depending on the specific perceptual judgement scale used.
Each of two laboratory sessions, morning about 08:00 and evening about 22:00, completed within about 2 weeks.

Collaboratori e investigatori

Qui è dove troverai le persone e le organizzazioni coinvolte in questo studio.

Sponsor

The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Pubblicazioni e link utili

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Pubblicazioni generali

Studiare le date dei record

Queste date tengono traccia dell'avanzamento della registrazione dello studio e dell'invio dei risultati di sintesi a ClinicalTrials.gov. I record degli studi e i risultati riportati vengono esaminati dalla National Library of Medicine (NLM) per assicurarsi che soddisfino specifici standard di controllo della qualità prima di essere pubblicati sul sito Web pubblico.

Studia le date principali

Inizio studio (Effettivo)

1 settembre 2025

Completamento primario (Stimato)

30 giugno 2028

Completamento dello studio (Stimato)

30 giugno 2028

Date di iscrizione allo studio

Primo inviato

22 giugno 2026

Primo inviato che soddisfa i criteri di controllo qualità

29 giugno 2026

Primo Inserito (Effettivo)

30 giugno 2026

Aggiornamenti dei record di studio

Ultimo aggiornamento pubblicato (Effettivo)

30 giugno 2026

Ultimo aggiornamento inviato che soddisfa i criteri QC

29 giugno 2026

Ultimo verificato

1 giugno 2026

Maggiori informazioni

Termini relativi a questo studio

Parole chiave

Altri numeri di identificazione dello studio

  • HSEARS20260622001

Piano per i dati dei singoli partecipanti (IPD)

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SÌ

Descrizione del piano IPD

De-identified individual participant data underlying the published results, together with the study protocol, statistical analysis plan, and analysis code, will be made openly available via the Open Science Framework (OSF).

Periodo di condivisione IPD

Beginning after publication of the primary results, with no planned end date.

Criteri di accesso alla condivisione IPD

Open access via the Open Science Framework; no application required.

Tipo di informazioni di supporto alla condivisione IPD

  • STUDIO_PROTOCOLLO
  • LINFA
  • CODICE_ANALITICO

Informazioni su farmaci e dispositivi, documenti di studio

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No

Studia un dispositivo regolamentato dalla FDA degli Stati Uniti

No

Queste informazioni sono state recuperate direttamente dal sito web clinicaltrials.gov senza alcuna modifica. In caso di richieste di modifica, rimozione o aggiornamento dei dettagli dello studio, contattare register@clinicaltrials.gov. Non appena verrà implementata una modifica su clinicaltrials.gov, questa verrà aggiornata automaticamente anche sul nostro sito web .

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