Measuring Athlete's Risk of Cardiovascular Events 3 (MARC-3) (MARC-3)
Regular endurance exercise is widely known to improve cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of heart disease. Yet several imaging studies have shown that male endurance athletes have a higher prevalence of coronary artery calcification (CAC) and calcified plaque than less active individuals. It remains unclear whether this represents harmful progression of coronary artery disease or a more benign, stable form of atherosclerosis. Understanding this distinction is essential, because coronary atherosclerosis is the leading cause of exercise-related cardiac events in athletes >35 years.
The MARC-3 study is the second long-term follow-up of the original Measuring Athlete's Risk of Cardiovascular Events (MARC) cohort and aims to clarify how lifelong exercise training influences coronary artery health.
The study will:
- examine how long-term exercise patterns relate to the progression of coronary atherosclerosis;
- assess plaque characteristics using artificial-intelligence based quantitative coronary CT angiography (AI-QCT);
- identify biological markers that may link exercise to plaque development; and
- evaluate long-term clinical outcomes, including all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE).
Our working hypothesis is that endurance exercise predominantly leads to more stable, calcified plaque, and that mechanisms such as exercise-induced hypertension, inflammation, lipid regulation, and genetic background may provide an explanation for the unexpected results observed in previous studies.
調査の概要
状態
条件
詳細な説明
研究の種類
入学 (推定)
連絡先と場所
研究場所
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Nijmegen、オランダ、6525 GA
- Radboud University Medical Center
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Utrecht、オランダ、3584 CX
- University Medical Center Utrecht
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参加基準
適格基準
就学可能な年齢
- 大人
- 高齢者
健康ボランティアの受け入れ
サンプリング方法
調査対象母集団
説明
Inclusion Criteria:
- Previous participation in the original MARC study (enrolled between 2012-2014).
Exclusion Criteria:
- Inability to provide written informed consent.
- Not willing to receive information about potential incidental CT findings.
- Concurrent participation in an interventional study targeting cardiovascular health.
Additional exclusion criteria for CCTA:
- Not willing to undergo CCTA with intravenous contrast.
- History of severe allergic reaction to iodinated contrast agents.
- Renal dysfunction (eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m²).
Additional exclusion criteria for maximal exercise testing:
- Absolute contraindications to maximal exercise testing as defined by institutional SOPs, including but not limited to:
- Recent acute myocardial infarction (3-5 days)
- Unstable angina
- Uncontrolled arrhythmias with symptoms or hemodynamic compromise
- Syncope
- Active endocarditis
- Acute myocarditis or pericarditis
- Uncontrolled heart failure
- Acute pulmonary embolus or pulmonary infarction
- Lower extremity thrombosis
- Suspected aortic dissection
- Uncontrolled asthma
- Pulmonary edema
- Resting room-air oxygen saturation ≤ 85 percent
- Respiratory failure
- Acute non-cardiopulmonary disorders that impair or are aggravated by exercise (e.g., infection, renal failure, thyrotoxicosis)
- Mental impairment preventing cooperation
研究計画
研究はどのように設計されていますか?
デザインの詳細
コホートと介入
グループ/コホート |
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MARC-3 cohort
Participants in this cohort are the surviving and traceable members of the original MARC study, which enrolled 318 middle-aged male amateur endurance athletes between 2012 and 2014.
In the first follow-up (MARC-2), 291 participants were successfully re-examined.
All participants have a lifelong history of regular endurance exercise.
In MARC-3, they undergo repeat evaluation of coronary atherosclerosis, cardiopulmonary fitness, exercise exposure, biomarkers, and genetic factors approximately 12.5 years after baseline.
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この研究は何を測定していますか?
主要な結果の測定
結果測定 |
メジャーの説明 |
時間枠 |
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Coronary Artery Calcium (CAC) Score
時間枠:Baseline
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Total CACS (AU) AU: Agatston units |
Baseline
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Coronary stenosis and plaque characteristics
時間枠:Baseline
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Determine the characteristics (burden, composition, risk features)
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Baseline
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二次結果の測定
結果測定 |
メジャーの説明 |
時間枠 |
|---|---|---|
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Quantitative Plaque Phenotype and Burden
時間枠:Baseline
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Total plaque volume (mm³); calcified, mixed, non-calcified and low-attenuation plaque (mm³); remodeling index.
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Baseline
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Pericoronary Adipose Tissue Attenuation (PCATa)
時間枠:Baseline
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CCTA-derived PCAT attenuation around proximal coronary arteries (Hounsfield Units, HU).
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Baseline
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Peripheral Atherosclerosis
時間枠:Baseline
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Carotid and femoral intima-media thickness (IMT, mm) and degree of stenosis (%).
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Baseline
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Biomarker Profile
時間枠:Baseline
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Lipid profile (mmol/L); HbA1c (%); inflammatory markers (e.g., hsCRP, mg/L); hair cortisol (pg/mg); immunophenotyping (cell subsets, % and absolute counts); polygenic risk score.
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Baseline
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Long-Term Clinical Outcomes
時間枠:Through current study baseline, approximately 13 years after initial cohort enrollment
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All-cause mortality and major adverse cardiac events (MACE)
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Through current study baseline, approximately 13 years after initial cohort enrollment
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協力者と研究者
出版物と役立つリンク
一般刊行物
- Braber TL, Mosterd A, Prakken NH, Doevendans PA, Mali WP, Backx FJ, Grobbee DE, Rienks R, Nathoe HM, Bots ML, Velthuis BK. Rationale and design of the Measuring Athlete's Risk of Cardiovascular events (MARC) study : The role of coronary CT in the cardiovascular evaluation of middle-aged sportsmen. Neth Heart J. 2015 Feb;23(2):133-8. doi: 10.1007/s12471-014-0630-0.
- Braber TL, Prakken NH, Mosterd A, Mali WP, Doevendans PA, Bots ML, Velthuis BK. Identifying Coronary Artery Disease in Asymptomatic Middle-Aged Sportsmen: The Additional Value of Pulse Wave Velocity. PLoS One. 2015 Jul 6;10(7):e0131895. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131895. eCollection 2015.
- Braber TL, Mosterd A, Prakken NH, Rienks R, Nathoe HM, Mali WP, Doevendans PA, Backx FJ, Bots ML, Grobbee DE, Velthuis BK. Occult coronary artery disease in middle-aged sportsmen with a low cardiovascular risk score: The Measuring Athlete's Risk of Cardiovascular Events (MARC) study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016 Oct;23(15):1677-84. doi: 10.1177/2047487316651825. Epub 2016 May 24.
- Schurink MM, Braber TL, Prakken NH, Doevendans PA, Backx FJ, Grobbee DE, Rienks R, Nathoe HM, Bots ML, Velthuis BK, Mosterd A. No psychological distress in sportsmen aged 45 years and older after cardiovascular screening, including cardiac CT: The Measuring Athlete's Risk of Cardiovascular events (MARC) study. Neth Heart J. 2017 Apr;25(4):271-277. doi: 10.1007/s12471-017-0948-5.
- Aengevaeren VL, Mosterd A, Braber TL, Prakken NHJ, Doevendans PA, Grobbee DE, Thompson PD, Eijsvogels TMH, Velthuis BK. Relationship Between Lifelong Exercise Volume and Coronary Atherosclerosis in Athletes. Circulation. 2017 Jul 11;136(2):138-148. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.027834. Epub 2017 Apr 27.
- Aengevaeren VL, Mosterd A, Sharma S, Braber TL, Thompson PD, Velthuis BK, Eijsvogels TMH. Coronary Atherosclerosis in Athletes: Exploring the Role of Sporting Discipline. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019 Aug;12(8 Pt 1):1587-1589. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2019.01.002. Epub 2019 Feb 13. No abstract available.
- Berge K, Aengevaeren VL, Mosterd A, Velthuis BK, Lyngbakken MN, Omland T, Schalkwijk CG, Eijsvogels TMH. Plasma Advanced Glycation End Products and Dicarbonyl Compounds Are Not Associated with Coronary Atherosclerosis in Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2023 Jul 1;55(7):1143-1150. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003152. Epub 2023 Apr 4.
- Janssen SLJE, de Vries F, Mingels AMA, Kleinnibbelink G, Hopman MTE, Mosterd A, Velthuis BK, Aengevaeren VL, Eijsvogels TMH. Exercise-induced cardiac troponin release in athletes with versus without coronary atherosclerosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2024 Apr 1;326(4):H1045-H1052. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00021.2024. Epub 2024 Feb 16.
- Berge K, Janssen SLJE, Velthuis BK, Myhre PL, Mosterd A, Omland T, Eijsvogels TMH, Aengevaeren VL. Predictors of coronary atherosclerosis in middle-aged and older athletes: the MARC-2 study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2025 Mar 3;26(3):461-470. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jeae317.
- Janssen SLJE, Aengevaeren VL, DE Vries F, Kleinnibbelink G, Mingels AMA, Hopman MTE, Mosterd A, Velthuis BK, Riksen NP, Eijsvogels TMH. Exercise-Induced Changes in Hemodynamics, Hormones, Electrolytes, and Inflammatory Markers in Veteran Athletes with and without Coronary Atherosclerosis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2025 Jul 1;57(7):1297-1308. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003674. Epub 2025 Feb 17.
研究記録日
主要日程の研究
研究開始 (推定)
一次修了 (推定)
研究の完了 (推定)
試験登録日
最初に提出
QC基準を満たした最初の提出物
最初の投稿 (実際)
学習記録の更新
投稿された最後の更新 (実際)
QC基準を満たした最後の更新が送信されました
最終確認日
詳しくは
本研究に関する用語
キーワード
追加の関連 MeSH 用語
その他の研究ID番号
- MARC-3
- #01-001-2024-0621 (その他の助成金/資金番号:Dutch Heart Foundation (FIT-HEART consortium))
- 4334294-1093118-PG (その他の識別子:Dutch Health Council)
個々の参加者データ (IPD) の計画
個々の参加者データ (IPD) を共有する予定はありますか?
IPD プランの説明
医薬品およびデバイス情報、研究文書
米国FDA規制医薬品の研究
米国FDA規制機器製品の研究
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