Short-term overeating results in incomplete energy intake compensation regardless of energy density or macronutrient composition

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the effects of overeating (140% of energy requirements) a high-fat low-energy density diet (HF/LED, 1.05 kcal/g), high-fat high-energy density diet (HF/HED, 1.60 kcal/g), and high-carbohydrate (HC) LED (1.05 kcal/g) for 2-days on subsequent 4-day energy intake (EI), activity levels, appetite, and mood.

Design and methods: Using a randomized cross-over design, energy expenditure and EI were standardized during overeating.

Results: In 20 adults with a mean ± SD BMI of 30.7 ± 4.6 kg/m(2) , EI was not suppressed until the second day after overeating and accounted for ∼30% of the excess EI. Reductions in EI did not differ among the three diets or across days. Overeating had no effect on subsequent energy expenditure but steps/day decreased after the HC/LED and HF/HED. Sleep time was increased after the HF/HED compared to both LEDs. After overeating a HF/HED vs. HF/LED, carbohydrate cravings, hunger, prospective food consumption, and sadness increased and satisfaction, relaxation, and tranquility decreased.

Conclusions: Diet type, time, or their interaction had no impact on compensation over 4 days. No adaptive thermogenesis was observed. The HF/HED vs. HF/LED had detrimental effects on food cravings, appetite, and mood. These results suggest short-term overeating is associated with incomplete compensation.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01653145 NCT01653886.

Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure: The authors have no conflicts of interest and the authors have no competing interests.

Copyright © 2013 The Obesity Society.

Figures

Figure 1

Experimental design and study schedule

Figure 2

(A) Change in Energy Intake following a High Fat/Low Energy Density diet (HF/LED), a High Carbohydrate/Low Energy Density diet (HC/LED), and a High Fat/High Energy Density diet (HF/HED). Values are means for fifteen males and five females with standard errors represented by vertical bars. (B) Change in Energy Intake (mean energy intake during days 2, 3, and 4 minus baseline only) following a HF/LED, a HC/LED, and a HF/HED. Values are means for fifteen males and five females with standard errors represented by vertical bars. *Energy intake after the HF/LED was significantly (p

Figure 3

Change in Total Energy Expenditure, Step Count and Sleep following a High Fat/Low Energy Density diet (HF/LED), High Carbohydrate/Low Energy Density diet (HC/LED), and High Fat/High Energy Density diet (HF/HED). Values are means for fifteen males and five females with standard errors represented by vertical bars. (A) Energy expenditure was not different from baseline in any group. (B) Following overeating the HC/LED and HF/HED diets, number of steps decreased compared to baseline (p

Figure 4

Change in Appetite Ratings from Visual Analogue Scales following High Fat/Low Energy Density diet (HF/LED), High Carbohydrate/Low Energy Density diet (HC/LED), and High Fat/High Energy Density diet (HF/HED). Values are means for fifteen males and five females with standard errors represented by vertical bars. Values with a different superscript are different at p

Figure 5

Change in Food Cravings and Mood States following High Fat/Low Energy Density Diet (HF/LED), High Carbohydrate/Low Energy Density Diet (HC/LED), and High Fat/High Energy Density Diet (HC/LED). Values are means for fifteen males and five females with standard errors represented by vertical bars. Values with a different superscript are different at p