FMRI of Stress and Addictive Disorders

Inclusion Criteria:

• Between ages 13-50 years old (adolescents 13-17 years old)
• Able to read and write.
• COCAINE DEPENDENT SUBJECTS: meet DSM-IV criteria for cocaine dependence; report current cocaine use of at least once a week or more; confirmation of cocaine use via positive urine toxicology screen during initial assessments and upon admission to the CNRU.
• OPIOID DEPENDENT SUBJECTS: meet DSM-IV criteria for opiate dependence and are participating in substance abuse treatment including pharmacotherapy for opioid dependence.
• ALCOHOL DEPENDENT SUBJECTS: meet DSM-IV criteria for alcohol dependence and are currently abstinent from alcohol as documented by substance abuse treatment participation.
• HEALTHY CONTROLS: negative urine toxicology screens during intake appointments indicating no history of current or past dependence on alcohol or illicit drug use.
• Healthy adolescent boys and girls, with no medical or psychiatric conditions;
• WOMEN: have a regular menstrual cycle.

Exclusion Criteria:

• CONTROLS: lifetime or current history of any substance abuse/dependence (excluding nicotine).
• Regular use of any psychoactive drugs including anxiolytics and antidepressants.
• Any significant current medical condition such as neurological, cardiovascular, endocrine, renal, liver, thyroid pathology; subjects on medications for any medical condition will be excluded.
• Any subjects with foreign ferromagnetic metal objects in their body or other MR contraindications will be excluded including subjects who work as welders.
• Women on oral contraceptives, peri- and post-menopausal women, and pregnant or lactating women (as alterations in stress response are associated with these states).
• IQ below 75