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Effects of Bicarbonate Spring Water Immersion on Cognitive Reliability and Post-Maximal Exercise Recovery in Adolescent Rowers During Altitude Training: A Sex-Stratified Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial

31 juli 2026 uppdaterad av: Ziyue Ou, Macao Polytechnic University

A Sex-Stratified Block-Randomized Controlled Trial of Bicarbonate-Rich Thermal Water Immersion on Cognitive Reliability and Post-Maximal Exercise Recovery in Adolescent Rowers During Field-Based Moderate-Altitude Training

This randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the effects of hot spring bath therapy on cognitive function recovery, cerebral hemodynamics, and athletic performance in athletes undergoing altitude training. Participants will be randomly assigned to either a hot spring intervention group, a hot water control group, or a blank control group. The hot spring intervention group receives hot spring baths (38°C, 20 minutes) combined with altitude training; the hot water control group receives hot water baths (38°C, 20 minutes) combined with altitude training; and the blank control group receives standard recovery procedures combined with altitude training. Primary outcome measures include cognitive performance assessments (Stroop test, psychomotor vigilance test) and cerebral hemodynamic indicators (functional near-infrared spectroscopy, transcranial Doppler ultrasound). Secondary outcomes included exercise capacity (maximal oxygen uptake, triathlon performance, 500-meter test), blood lactate, and hematological parameters (white blood cells, neutrophils, platelets). These findings may provide evidence for non-pharmacological interventions to enhance cognitive recovery and brain adaptation during altitude training.

Studieöversikt

Status

Avslutad

Betingelser

Intervention / Behandling

Studietyp

Interventionell

Inskrivning (Faktisk)

27

Fas

  • Inte tillämpbar

Kontakter och platser

Det här avsnittet innehåller kontaktuppgifter för dem som genomför studien och information om var denna studie genomförs.

Studieorter

  • Kina
    • Yunnan
      • Tengyue, Yunnan, Kina
        • Field altitude-training camp, approximately 1600 m

Deltagandekriterier

Forskare letar efter personer som passar en viss beskrivning, så kallade behörighetskriterier. Några exempel på dessa kriterier är en persons allmänna hälsotillstånd eller tidigare behandlingar.

Urvalskriterier

Åldrar som är berättigade till studier

  • Barn

Tar emot friska volontärer

Ja

Beskrivning

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Male or female aged 11-17 years- Regular endurance training (≥3 sessions/week) for ≥2 years
  • No history of altitude exposure >2000m in the past 3 months
  • No contraindications to hot water immersion (e.g., uncontrolled hypertension, severe cardiovascular disease, open wounds, pregnancy)
  • Ability to provide written informed consent
  • Willingness to abstain from other recovery modalities (e.g., massage, cryotherapy, compression garments) during the study period
  • No color blindness or uncorrected visual impairment that would affect Stroop test performance

Exclusion Criteria:

  • History of cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, or endocrine disorders
  • Current use of medications affecting autonomic function or cognition (e.g., beta-blockers, anticholinergics, stimulants, sedatives)
  • History of syncope, heat intolerance, or neurological disorders
  • Acute musculoskeletal injury within the past 6 months- Regular use of sauna, hot tub, or spa within the past month- Pregnancy or breastfeeding (for female participants)
  • Shift work or trans-meridian travel within 2 weeks prior to baseline assessment- Alcohol consumption >14 units/week or smoking
  • History of traumatic brain injury, stroke, or psychiatric disorders

Studieplan

Det här avsnittet ger detaljer om studieplanen, inklusive hur studien är utformad och vad studien mäter.

Hur är studien utformad?

Designdetaljer

  • Primärt syfte: Övrig
  • Tilldelning: Randomiserad
  • Interventionsmodell: Parallellt uppdrag
  • Maskning: Dubbel

Vapen och interventioner

Deltagargrupp / Arm
Intervention / Behandling
Aktiv komparator: Natural Recovery Group
Control group participants will undergo the same altitude training protocol (altitude 1600 meters) for 4 weeks. Participants underwent a 20-minute quiet seated rest at 16:00 on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, with ad libitum water consumption permitted and electronic devices prohibited.
Beteende: Control Group：Natural Recovery
Control group participants will undergo the same altitude training protocol (altitude 1600 meters) for 4 weeks. After each training session, participants will receive standard recovery procedures, including 20 minutes of passive rest in a thermoneutral environment (room temperature 24°C), supplemented with mild hydration and self-selected stretching. No hydrothermal intervention will be provided.
Andra namn:
  • NR
Aktiv komparator: Hot water immersion group
The hot water immersion group will undergo a 4-week altitude training at 1600 meters above sea level. Subjects will receive a 20-minute hot water immersion (daily tap water, 38°C±0.5°C) in a standardized indoor hot spring facility. The immersion protocol includes partial-body immersion up to the xiphoid process (lower chest) for 20 minutes, followed by a 10-minute rest before leaving the facility. Three times per week.
Beteende: Hot water immersion group
The hot water immersion group will undergo a 4-week altitude training at 1600 meters above sea level. Subjects will receive a 20-minute hot water immersion (daily tap water, 38°C±1°C) in a standardized indoor hot spring facility. The immersion protocol includes whole-body immersion up to the neck for 20 minutes, followed by a 10-minute rest before leaving the facility. Three times per week.
Andra namn:
  • Hwi
Experimentell: Hot Spring Immersion Group
The hot spring immersion group will undergo a 4-week high-altitude training at an altitude of 1600 meters. Subjects will receive a 20-minute hot spring therapy (natural hot spring water, 38°C ± 0.5°C) in a standardized indoor hot spring facility. The immersion protocol includes partial-body immersion up to the xiphoid process (lower chest) for 20 minutes, performed three times per week, followed by a 10-minute rest before leaving the facility.
Beteende: hot spring immersion group
The hot spring immersion group will undergo a 4-week high-altitude training at an altitude of 1600 meters. Subjects will receive a 20-minute hot spring therapy (natural hot spring water, 38°C ± 1°C) in a standardized indoor hot spring facility. The immersion protocol includes whole-body immersion to the neck for 20 minutes, followed by a 10-minute rest before leaving the facility. Three times per week.
Andra namn:
  • HSI

Vad mäter studien?

Primära resultatmått

Resultatmått
Åtgärdsbeskrivning
Tidsram
Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT)
Tidsram: Baselines were measured at the formal start of the experiment, at night during the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks (post-intervention) after ascending the plateau, and post-tests were conducted one week after descending the plateau.
5-minute PVT measuring sustained attention and psychomotor vigilance. Outcome variables: mean reciprocal response time (1/RT). Administered via standardized software on a tablet/computer. Unit: second.
Baselines were measured at the formal start of the experiment, at night during the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks (post-intervention) after ascending the plateau, and post-tests were conducted one week after descending the plateau.
Stroop Test Performance
Tidsram: Baselines were measured at the formal start of the experiment, at night during the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks (post-intervention) after ascending the plateau, and post-tests were conducted one week after descending the plateau.
Computerized Stroop Color-Word Test measuring executive function and cognitive inhibition. Outcome variables: reaction time (ms). Administered in a quiet, temperature-controlled room (22-24°C). Unit: milliseconds (ms).
Baselines were measured at the formal start of the experiment, at night during the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks (post-intervention) after ascending the plateau, and post-tests were conducted one week after descending the plateau.
Cerebral Oxygenation (fNIRS)
Tidsram: Baseline, Week 2, Week 5
Changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR) in the prefrontal cortex during cognitive tasks, measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) with a multichannel system. Outcome: relative changes in HbO and HbR concentrations. Unit: micromolar (μM).
Baseline, Week 2, Week 5
Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity (TCD)
Tidsram: Baseline, Week 2, Week 4
Mean blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and anterior cerebral artery (ACA) measured by transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) with 2MHz probe. Measurements taken in supine position after 10 minutes of rest. Outcome: mean velocity (cm/s). Unit: centimeters/second (cm/s).
Baseline, Week 2, Week 4

Sekundära resultatmått

Resultatmått
Åtgärdsbeskrivning
Tidsram
Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO2max)
Tidsram: Baseline, Week 5
Maximal oxygen uptake measured using a portable metabolic analyzer during a graded exercise test on a rowing ergometer. Test protocol: incremental ramp test to exhaustion. Unit: mL/kg/min.
Baseline, Week 5
1000-Meter Running Test
Tidsram: Baseline, Week 3, Week4
1000-meter maximal effort running test on a standard 400m track or treadmill. Total completion time recorded. Unit: seconds (s).
Baseline, Week 3, Week4
Peripheral Oxygen Saturation (SpO2)
Tidsram: one month.
Resting peripheral oxygen saturation measured via fingertip pulse oximeter after 10 minutes of seated rest. Unit: percentage (%).
one month.

Samarbetspartners och utredare

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Sponsor

Macao Polytechnic University

Publikationer och användbara länkar

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Allmänna publikationer

Studieavstämningsdatum

Dessa datum spårar framstegen för inlämningar av studieposter och sammanfattande resultat till ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieposter och rapporterade resultat granskas av National Library of Medicine (NLM) för att säkerställa att de uppfyller specifika kvalitetskontrollstandarder innan de publiceras på den offentliga webbplatsen.

Studera stora datum

Studiestart (Faktisk)

25 januari 2026

Primärt slutförande (Faktisk)

26 februari 2026

Avslutad studie (Faktisk)

8 mars 2026

Studieregistreringsdatum

Först inskickad

14 maj 2026

Först inskickad som uppfyllde QC-kriterierna

19 maj 2026

Första postat (Faktisk)

27 maj 2026

Uppdateringar av studier

Senaste uppdatering publicerad (Faktisk)

4 augusti 2026

Senaste inskickade uppdateringen som uppfyllde QC-kriterierna

31 juli 2026

Senast verifierad

1 juli 2026

Mer information

Termer relaterade till denna studie

Nyckelord

Ytterligare relevanta MeSH-villkor

Andra studie-ID-nummer

  • 202502AS100005-1

Plan för individuella deltagardata (IPD)

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IPD-planbeskrivning

The current research project has not yet been completed, and the data have not been publicly released. After publication, sharing will be decided on a case-by-case basis.

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