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Effects of Bicarbonate Spring Water Immersion on Cognitive Reliability and Post-Maximal Exercise Recovery in Adolescent Rowers During Altitude Training: A Sex-Stratified Three-Arm Randomized Controlled Trial

31 juli 2026 bijgewerkt door: Ziyue Ou, Macao Polytechnic University

A Sex-Stratified Block-Randomized Controlled Trial of Bicarbonate-Rich Thermal Water Immersion on Cognitive Reliability and Post-Maximal Exercise Recovery in Adolescent Rowers During Field-Based Moderate-Altitude Training

This randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the effects of hot spring bath therapy on cognitive function recovery, cerebral hemodynamics, and athletic performance in athletes undergoing altitude training. Participants will be randomly assigned to either a hot spring intervention group, a hot water control group, or a blank control group. The hot spring intervention group receives hot spring baths (38°C, 20 minutes) combined with altitude training; the hot water control group receives hot water baths (38°C, 20 minutes) combined with altitude training; and the blank control group receives standard recovery procedures combined with altitude training. Primary outcome measures include cognitive performance assessments (Stroop test, psychomotor vigilance test) and cerebral hemodynamic indicators (functional near-infrared spectroscopy, transcranial Doppler ultrasound). Secondary outcomes included exercise capacity (maximal oxygen uptake, triathlon performance, 500-meter test), blood lactate, and hematological parameters (white blood cells, neutrophils, platelets). These findings may provide evidence for non-pharmacological interventions to enhance cognitive recovery and brain adaptation during altitude training.

Studie Overzicht

Toestand

Voltooid

Conditie

Interventie / Behandeling

Studietype

Ingrijpend

Inschrijving (Werkelijk)

27

Fase

  • Niet toepasbaar

Contacten en locaties

In dit gedeelte vindt u de contactgegevens van degenen die het onderzoek uitvoeren en informatie over waar dit onderzoek wordt uitgevoerd.

Studie Locaties

  • China
    • Yunnan
      • Tengyue, Yunnan, China
        • Field altitude-training camp, approximately 1600 m

Deelname Criteria

Onderzoekers zoeken naar mensen die aan een bepaalde beschrijving voldoen, de zogenaamde geschiktheidscriteria. Enkele voorbeelden van deze criteria zijn iemands algemene gezondheidstoestand of eerdere behandelingen.

Geschiktheidscriteria

Leeftijden die in aanmerking komen voor studie

  • Kind

Accepteert gezonde vrijwilligers

Ja

Beschrijving

Inclusion Criteria:

  • Male or female aged 11-17 years- Regular endurance training (≥3 sessions/week) for ≥2 years
  • No history of altitude exposure >2000m in the past 3 months
  • No contraindications to hot water immersion (e.g., uncontrolled hypertension, severe cardiovascular disease, open wounds, pregnancy)
  • Ability to provide written informed consent
  • Willingness to abstain from other recovery modalities (e.g., massage, cryotherapy, compression garments) during the study period
  • No color blindness or uncorrected visual impairment that would affect Stroop test performance

Exclusion Criteria:

  • History of cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, or endocrine disorders
  • Current use of medications affecting autonomic function or cognition (e.g., beta-blockers, anticholinergics, stimulants, sedatives)
  • History of syncope, heat intolerance, or neurological disorders
  • Acute musculoskeletal injury within the past 6 months- Regular use of sauna, hot tub, or spa within the past month- Pregnancy or breastfeeding (for female participants)
  • Shift work or trans-meridian travel within 2 weeks prior to baseline assessment- Alcohol consumption >14 units/week or smoking
  • History of traumatic brain injury, stroke, or psychiatric disorders

Studie plan

Dit gedeelte bevat details van het studieplan, inclusief hoe de studie is opgezet en wat de studie meet.

Hoe is de studie opgezet?

Ontwerpdetails

  • Primair doel: Ander
  • Toewijzing: Gerandomiseerd
  • Interventioneel model: Parallelle opdracht
  • Masker: Dubbele

Wapens en interventies

Deelnemersgroep / Arm
Interventie / Behandeling
Actieve vergelijker: Natural Recovery Group
Control group participants will undergo the same altitude training protocol (altitude 1600 meters) for 4 weeks. Participants underwent a 20-minute quiet seated rest at 16:00 on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, with ad libitum water consumption permitted and electronic devices prohibited.
Gedragsmatig: Control Group：Natural Recovery
Control group participants will undergo the same altitude training protocol (altitude 1600 meters) for 4 weeks. After each training session, participants will receive standard recovery procedures, including 20 minutes of passive rest in a thermoneutral environment (room temperature 24°C), supplemented with mild hydration and self-selected stretching. No hydrothermal intervention will be provided.
Andere namen:
  • NR
Actieve vergelijker: Hot water immersion group
The hot water immersion group will undergo a 4-week altitude training at 1600 meters above sea level. Subjects will receive a 20-minute hot water immersion (daily tap water, 38°C±0.5°C) in a standardized indoor hot spring facility. The immersion protocol includes partial-body immersion up to the xiphoid process (lower chest) for 20 minutes, followed by a 10-minute rest before leaving the facility. Three times per week.
Gedragsmatig: Hot water immersion group
The hot water immersion group will undergo a 4-week altitude training at 1600 meters above sea level. Subjects will receive a 20-minute hot water immersion (daily tap water, 38°C±1°C) in a standardized indoor hot spring facility. The immersion protocol includes whole-body immersion up to the neck for 20 minutes, followed by a 10-minute rest before leaving the facility. Three times per week.
Andere namen:
  • HWI
Experimenteel: Hot Spring Immersion Group
The hot spring immersion group will undergo a 4-week high-altitude training at an altitude of 1600 meters. Subjects will receive a 20-minute hot spring therapy (natural hot spring water, 38°C ± 0.5°C) in a standardized indoor hot spring facility. The immersion protocol includes partial-body immersion up to the xiphoid process (lower chest) for 20 minutes, performed three times per week, followed by a 10-minute rest before leaving the facility.
Gedragsmatig: hot spring immersion group
The hot spring immersion group will undergo a 4-week high-altitude training at an altitude of 1600 meters. Subjects will receive a 20-minute hot spring therapy (natural hot spring water, 38°C ± 1°C) in a standardized indoor hot spring facility. The immersion protocol includes whole-body immersion to the neck for 20 minutes, followed by a 10-minute rest before leaving the facility. Three times per week.
Andere namen:
  • HSI

Wat meet het onderzoek?

Primaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT)
Tijdsspanne: Baselines were measured at the formal start of the experiment, at night during the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks (post-intervention) after ascending the plateau, and post-tests were conducted one week after descending the plateau.
5-minute PVT measuring sustained attention and psychomotor vigilance. Outcome variables: mean reciprocal response time (1/RT). Administered via standardized software on a tablet/computer. Unit: second.
Baselines were measured at the formal start of the experiment, at night during the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks (post-intervention) after ascending the plateau, and post-tests were conducted one week after descending the plateau.
Stroop Test Performance
Tijdsspanne: Baselines were measured at the formal start of the experiment, at night during the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks (post-intervention) after ascending the plateau, and post-tests were conducted one week after descending the plateau.
Computerized Stroop Color-Word Test measuring executive function and cognitive inhibition. Outcome variables: reaction time (ms). Administered in a quiet, temperature-controlled room (22-24°C). Unit: milliseconds (ms).
Baselines were measured at the formal start of the experiment, at night during the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks (post-intervention) after ascending the plateau, and post-tests were conducted one week after descending the plateau.
Cerebral Oxygenation (fNIRS)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline, Week 2, Week 5
Changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HbR) in the prefrontal cortex during cognitive tasks, measured by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) with a multichannel system. Outcome: relative changes in HbO and HbR concentrations. Unit: micromolar (μM).
Baseline, Week 2, Week 5
Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity (TCD)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline, Week 2, Week 4
Mean blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and anterior cerebral artery (ACA) measured by transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) with 2MHz probe. Measurements taken in supine position after 10 minutes of rest. Outcome: mean velocity (cm/s). Unit: centimeters/second (cm/s).
Baseline, Week 2, Week 4

Secundaire uitkomstmaten

Uitkomstmaat
Maatregel Beschrijving
Tijdsspanne
Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO2max)
Tijdsspanne: Baseline, Week 5
Maximal oxygen uptake measured using a portable metabolic analyzer during a graded exercise test on a rowing ergometer. Test protocol: incremental ramp test to exhaustion. Unit: mL/kg/min.
Baseline, Week 5
1000-Meter Running Test
Tijdsspanne: Baseline, Week 3, Week4
1000-meter maximal effort running test on a standard 400m track or treadmill. Total completion time recorded. Unit: seconds (s).
Baseline, Week 3, Week4
Peripheral Oxygen Saturation (SpO2)
Tijdsspanne: one month.
Resting peripheral oxygen saturation measured via fingertip pulse oximeter after 10 minutes of seated rest. Unit: percentage (%).
one month.

Medewerkers en onderzoekers

Hier vindt u mensen en organisaties die betrokken zijn bij dit onderzoek.

Sponsor

Macao Polytechnic University

Publicaties en nuttige links

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Algemene publicaties

Studie record data

Deze datums volgen de voortgang van het onderzoeksdossier en de samenvatting van de ingediende resultaten bij ClinicalTrials.gov. Studieverslagen en gerapporteerde resultaten worden beoordeeld door de National Library of Medicine (NLM) om er zeker van te zijn dat ze voldoen aan specifieke kwaliteitscontrolenormen voordat ze op de openbare website worden geplaatst.

Bestudeer belangrijke data

Studie start (Werkelijk)

25 januari 2026

Primaire voltooiing (Werkelijk)

26 februari 2026

Studie voltooiing (Werkelijk)

8 maart 2026

Studieregistratiedata

Eerst ingediend

14 mei 2026

Eerst ingediend dat voldeed aan de QC-criteria

19 mei 2026

Eerst geplaatst (Werkelijk)

27 mei 2026

Updates van studierecords

Laatste update geplaatst (Werkelijk)

4 augustus 2026

Laatste update ingediend die voldeed aan QC-criteria

31 juli 2026

Laatst geverifieerd

1 juli 2026

Meer informatie

Termen gerelateerd aan deze studie

Trefwoorden

Aanvullende relevante MeSH-voorwaarden

Andere studie-ID-nummers

  • 202502AS100005-1

Plan Individuele Deelnemersgegevens (IPD)

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Beschrijving IPD-plan

The current research project has not yet been completed, and the data have not been publicly released. After publication, sharing will be decided on a case-by-case basis.

Informatie over medicijnen en apparaten, studiedocumenten

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd geneesmiddel

Nee

Bestudeert een door de Amerikaanse FDA gereguleerd apparaatproduct

Nee

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