Difficulties in Emotion-regulation and Interpersonal Problems During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
Difficulties in Emotion-regulation and Interpersonal Problems, and Their Association With Anxiety and Depression During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
研究概览
地位
详细说明
Hypotheses/Research questions:
H1: There will be a significant decrease in emotion-regulation difficulties (DERS) and interpersonal problems from T1 to T2.
Exploratory: Examine the difference in interpersonal problems and DERS among different sub-groups before and after the COVID-19 pandemic
H2: Higher level at T1 and less reduction from T1 to T2 in emotion-regulation difficulties and interpersonal problems will be associated with less reduction in anxiety and depression from T1 to T2, above and beyond, demographic variables (age, gender, education).
Exploratory: Explore the different octants of IIP as predictors of changes for anxiety and depression.
This study is part of 'The Norwegian COVID-19, Mental Health and Adherence Project', involving multiple studies.
Statistical models:
Repeated surveys like the present one typically have high drop-out and substantial missing data. Therefore, we will use mixed models instead of paired t-tests, repeated measures ANOVAs, and ordinary linear regression to analyze the data. Mixed models use maximum likelihood estimation, which is the state of the art approach to handle missing data (Schafer & Graham, 2002). Especially if data are missing at random, which is likely in our survey, mixed models give more unbiased results than the other analytic methods (O'Connel et al., 2017).
In preliminary analyses, and for each of the dependent variables (GAD-7 and PHQ-9, DERS , IIP), the combination of random effects and covariance structure of residuals that gives the best fit for the "empty" model (the model without fixed predictors except the intercept) will be chosen. Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) will used to compare the fit of different models. Models that give a reduction in AIC greater than 2 will be considered better (Burnham & Anderson, 2004). The program SPSS 25.0 will be used (IBM Corp, 2018).
First, H1 about decrease in DERS and IIP, GAD-7 and PHQ will be tested by using anxiety or depression as dependent variable in a model using time (T1 period = 0, T2 period = 1) as a predictor. Second, demographic group variables will be added as predictors. Third, the initial (T1) levels of DERS and IIP as constant covariates will be added, together with the interactions of these constant covariates with time. These interactions represent tests of H2 about the covariates predicting change in anxiety and depression. Finally, the T2 levels of DERS and IIP as constant covariates will be added, together with the interactions of these constant covariates with time. These interactions represent tests of H2 about the change in the covariates from T1 to T2 predicting change in anxiety and depression from T1 to T2s.
Transformations Depending on degree of skewness compared to theoretical possibilities and interpretations, variables will be assessed in their original and validated format as is recommended practice, as long as this is possible. As this study examines psychopathology levels amongst a general population (and not a clinical population), we do expect a skewed data. We will attempt to assess these variables in their original and validated format as is recommended practice, as long as this is possible. However, if this is not possible to the statistical assumptions behind the analyses, transformation may be needed to apply interval-based methods. Alternatively a non-parametric test will be used.
Inference criteria
Given the large sample size in this study, we pre-define our significance level:
p < 0.01 to determine significance
Missing data Maximum likelihood
Sensitivity analyses Sensitivity analyses will be conducted after selecting a random sample of participants to reflect the proportion of subgroups in the Norwegian adult population.
Exploratory:
Questions addressed in the future paper which is not pre-specified will be defined as exploratory.
研究类型
注册 (预期的)
参与标准
资格标准
适合学习的年龄
接受健康志愿者
有资格学习的性别
取样方法
研究人群
描述
Inclusion Criteria:
- Eligible participants are all adults including those of 18 years and above,
- Who are currently living in Norway and thus experiencing identical NPIs, and
- Who provide digital consent to partake in the study.
Exclusion Criteria:
- Children and adolescents (individuals below 18)
- Adults not residing in Norway during the measurement period
学习计划
研究是如何设计的?
设计细节
- 观测模型:其他
- 时间观点:预期
研究衡量的是什么?
主要结果指标
结果测量 |
措施说明 |
大体时间 |
---|---|---|
Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9)
大体时间:Data is set to be collected starting from 22th of June. The data collection period will last no longer than three weeks depending on the response to the questionnaire
|
The Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9; Kroenke, Spitzer & Williams, 2001) is used to measure symptoms of depression in accordance with the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder.
The questionnaire consists of nine items where each is scored on a four-point Likert scale (0-3), with the range of scores from 0 to 27.
Higher scores indicate greater depression severity, and scores above 10 are considered as the cut-off that indicating that the patient is within the depressive area.
|
Data is set to be collected starting from 22th of June. The data collection period will last no longer than three weeks depending on the response to the questionnaire
|
The Generalized Anxiety Disorder - 7
大体时间:Data is set to be collected starting from 22th of June. The data collection period will last no longer than three weeks depending on the response to the questionnaire
|
The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7; Spitzer, Kroenke, Williams & Löwe, 2006) is a questionnaire consisting of seven items measuring symptoms of anxiety and worry. The items are scored on a four-point Likert scale (0-3), with the scores ranging from 0 to 21. Specific cut-off for Norwegian samples have been found yielding a cut-off of 8 and above for high sensitivity and specificity (Johnson, Ulvenes, Øktedalen & Hoffart, 2019). The Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7; Spitzer, Kroenke, Williams & Löwe, 2006) is a questionnaire consisting of seven items measuring symptoms of anxiety and worry. The items are scored on a four-point Likert scale (0-3), with the scores ranging from 0 to 21. Specific cut-off for Norwegian samples have been found yielding a cut-off of 8 and above for high sensitivity and specificity (Johnson, Ulvenes, Øktedalen & Hoffart, 2019). |
Data is set to be collected starting from 22th of June. The data collection period will last no longer than three weeks depending on the response to the questionnaire
|
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale
大体时间:Data is set to be collected starting from 22th of June. The data collection period will last no longer than three weeks depending on the response to the questionnaire
|
6 items from DERS (Gratz & Roemer, 2004)
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Data is set to be collected starting from 22th of June. The data collection period will last no longer than three weeks depending on the response to the questionnaire
|
Interpersonal problems
大体时间:Data is set to be collected starting from 22th of June. The data collection period will last no longer than three weeks depending on the response to the questionnaire
|
17 Items from IIP-64 (Horowitz et al. 2000)
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Data is set to be collected starting from 22th of June. The data collection period will last no longer than three weeks depending on the response to the questionnaire
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合作者和调查者
合作者
调查人员
- 首席研究员:Ole Andrè Solbakken, PhD、University of Oslo
- 首席研究员:Jon Monsen, PhD、University of Oslo
研究记录日期
研究主要日期
学习开始 (预期的)
初级完成 (预期的)
研究完成 (预期的)
研究注册日期
首次提交
首先提交符合 QC 标准的
首次发布 (实际的)
研究记录更新
最后更新发布 (实际的)
上次提交的符合 QC 标准的更新
最后验证
更多信息
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