Concept Map-Based Reflective Learning in Peripheral IV Catheterization

实验性的：Concept Map-Based Reflective Learning

Participants received concept map-based reflective learning in addition to standard instruction.

行为的：Concept Map-Based Reflective Learning

Students received concept map-based reflective learning training using the Canva application in addition to standard nursing education on peripheral venous catheterization. Students developed and submitted concept maps addressing indications, complications, and key considerations of peripheral intravenous catheter application.

无干预：Standard Nursing Education

Participants received standard instruction only.

Knowledge Score on Peripheral Venous Catheterization

Peripheral Venous Catheter Achievement Test 1 and Peripheral Venous Catheter Achievement Test 2: These researcher-developed achievement tests were created based on the content of Fundamentals of Nursing textbooks (Berman et al., 2015; Potter et al., 2021) to assess nursing students' knowledge of peripheral venous catheterization. Each test consisted of 25 multiple-choice questions. Each correct response was scored as 4 points and each incorrect response as 0 points, resulting in a total score ranging from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater knowledge of peripheral venous catheterization. Achievement Test 1 was used as the pre-test, and Achievement Test 2 was used as the post-test.